<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><?xml-stylesheet href="http://www.blogger.com/styles/atom.css" type="text/css"?><feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom' xmlns:openSearch='http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/' xmlns:georss='http://www.georss.org/georss' xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1535004738747222244</id><updated>2011-07-28T06:32:24.857-07:00</updated><category term='Abstract'/><category term='Story'/><category term='Article'/><title type='text'>Lexis</title><subtitle type='html'>Language and Culture - A Little Preview of the Reality</subtitle><link rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://leksika-leksika.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1535004738747222244/posts/default?max-results=100'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://leksika-leksika.blogspot.com/'/><link rel='hub' href='http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/'/><author><name>leksika</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16561735150883024015</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='23' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_sdftwHGT3Uk/SW0-Uv-CT-I/AAAAAAAAAD8/N_A3zsWUws8/S220/image002.jpg'/></author><generator version='7.00' uri='http://www.blogger.com'>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>20</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>100</openSearch:itemsPerPage><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1535004738747222244.post-531415751791041432</id><published>2009-06-18T21:35:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-06-18T21:43:25.240-07:00</updated><title type='text'>BEING WEST AND BEING EAST: THE EFFECTS ON JAVANESE SOCIAL COMMUNICATION IN ENGLISH</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_sdftwHGT3Uk/SjsXXlthU0I/AAAAAAAAAFk/zPML_WZEjsg/s1600-h/kontras.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="float:left; margin:0 10px 10px 0;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 145px; height: 145px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_sdftwHGT3Uk/SjsXXlthU0I/AAAAAAAAAFk/zPML_WZEjsg/s200/kontras.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5348894676460065602" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;By&lt;br /&gt;Khristianto &amp; Widya Nirmawalati&lt;br /&gt;Muhammadiyah University of Purwokerto&lt;br /&gt;Mobile: 085227737495, E-mail: rezalx@yahoo.com&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Introduction &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The reality has proved that the different culture brings a typical social behavior, including the different strategy in a daily communication. An aspect of reality may be considered important to be verbalized in a certain culture, but it is just meaningless and ignorable for another.  A culture may see gratitude as something normally manifested in verbal expression, that it has many expressions to represent the sense of “gratitude” like “thanks” in English or “terima kasih” in Bahasa Indonesia. Another culture may manifest the same feeling in another way than the verbal media. This is also the case other kinds of feeling of which a certain culture has its own way to realize in its own cultural context and situational context.  &lt;br /&gt;In Indian culture for example, as in most eastern cultures, the familial linkage, the occupation, and the age are the significant factors determining the way they communicate. This fact, then, reveals in a form of honorific addresses to refer someone with one of those properties: familial link, being older, or having an honorable profession. A person in India will address someone they respect by transforming into plural. An Indonesian takes another to do that; he or she will apply kinship terms, like “bapak”, “ibu” , “mbak”, “mas”, “kang,” and etc, according to the age of the respected persons. If he/she is in an age older than a speaker, and deserves to be older brother or sister, the terms “mbak/mas” (meaning “sister” or “brother”) will be chosen. &lt;br /&gt;A research has been done by Supardo (2006) to discover the addresses applied by an aristocratic Javanese family. The interlocutors as the data are father, mother, children, and servant. It is found out that each interlocutor has his/her specific addresses as talking to another member of the family; the address applied by each individual is determined by his/her relation to the addressee. The lord of the house, for example, is addressed with “mas” by his wife, “rama” by his children, and “ndoro” by the servant. &lt;br /&gt;Another investigation is done by Pujiyatno (2008) who tried to cover the kinship terms among the common people in a Javanese community. It is found out that the community uses the familial addressee not just limited to their extended family. They don’t only function to show the blood relationship, but also to respect the others. Then, the terms are used to address anyone who is respected. For example, the term om “uncle” which originally means to refer someone who is sibling to father/mother can be used to say om satpam or om (the toy peddlers).  It is impossible for Javanese to call by name to someone older. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Greetings: An Interpersonal Function&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Functional in Halliday’s view is simply the language in use. He declared that the existence of language is always in the context of practices made by its corresponding speakers. It is those practices that evolutively develop a language system (1985: xv). In other words, Saussure believed that paroles (the empirical practices of language use in any kinds) which are produced by human community in each social interaction is the only empirical entities and experiences of the langue, the rules of language that is actually preserved in human mind (Ahisma-Putra: 2005).&lt;br /&gt;Language is not other than a means to serve human’s needs—functional, pragmatically practices.  Greetings and addressing are a part of the interpersonal aspects of language function. It means the terms or forms of expression in those social domain emerge as the manifestation of relation among the individuals as the social creature. Alip (2006:79), quoting Widdowson (1997) and Aitchison (2003), stated that among interpersonal function is the use of language for social relation, taking place in phatic communion within which language is used to promote good relationship between the speech participants. &lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;Discussion &lt;br /&gt;Western and Eastern Culture&lt;br /&gt;It seems that the cultural system as the context of language use is inadequately affects much the forms and the functional aspects. The  egalitarian atmosphere and the non-existence of extended family or in another way the individualism and/or the not very significant meaning of family in the individual life in the western are the values which are contrast to the eastern.   &lt;br /&gt;This, then, raises the differences way the community have in seeing others, the elders and/or the members of the family. The eastern call the persons by the kinship terms. The terms are brought wider to include other person beyond the family as the symbol to respect them. The parents will hush, as their son calls the name for a friend deserve to older brother by the age. &lt;br /&gt;For the eastern, being old means to be respected, for the younger generation. This, then, results in the respecting address, even for the unknown person, as he or she looks older then ego, an individual should be addressed with the respecting address, drawn from the kinship terms to accord the age and the appropriate rank in the familial link.   &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The western will address others by names, ignoring the age of the addressee. If the persons are close, they will directly call their first names. In other situation, they will use “Mr., Mrs., Ms, DR,” followed by their family name. The addresses in the Indonesia include the kinship terms like Bapak, Ibu, Saudara, Tuan, Nyonya, Mas, Abang, Om, Tante, that may be followed by the name. This terms are not only for the person having a familial relation, but also others who the speaker intends to respect, even for a person that is just encountered in public space in a bus or in the bench of football stadium. Kinship terms are a bridge to address someone as the speaker has not known his/her name, replacing just “hi” or “hello” in English context. &lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Adressing Terms&lt;br /&gt;Indonesian English &lt;br /&gt;Bapak, Ibu, Saudara, Tuan, Nyonya, Mas, Abang, Om, Tante, names, adik, paman, pak-De&lt;br /&gt; Mr, Sir, Mr., Mrs, DR, Madam, girls, guy, budy, you, names.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Eastern Ethics: Polite Esteem &lt;br /&gt;The application of the kinship terms in eastern culture, Indonesia and other local languages is a sort of internalized value and it is the standard way in addressing someone older. An individual will call by name as the addressee is at the same social level, or at the same age. In a situation in which the addressee is a foreigner, Javanese or Indonesian will find an appropriate terms like, om, mas, pak, and etc. Again the terms are taken from the familial setting. If one violates this rule, others will view the behavior to be unethical. &lt;br /&gt;English has no equivalents for the term. The languages just has terms with no meaning of familial link: ”Mr, Mrs, Miss” which in bahasa Indonesia may be the same as ”Tuan,” ”Nyonya” and ”Nona” used in a very specific situation, and hard to find in a daily communication. This is evidence that there is a significant cultural gap between the east and the west, especially on the addressing.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Compromising Eastern Culture in Western Code&lt;br /&gt; The addressing terms which are realized in the daily social interaction of the eastern culture are inevitably lost as the interlocutors speak English. This is due to inexistence of the parallel terms in English marking a respect to the second person we talk to. The problem is how to make the politeness in our communication is verbally delivered? Or is there a way to make an English communication take place by keeping the Javanese ethics in place? &lt;br /&gt;Teachers may put this point into their consideration. The real example of how the kinship terms are applied in social communication is in the movie imported from Hong Kong or India. It may reflect the real situation as they have English as second language. They apply the terms ”brother,” ”sister”, ”uncle” or ”aunt” as the replacement of the kinship terms which do not only function to show the real relationship of the family, but more about the way to show respect or politeness. In a gangster movie, the member of the gang may call their senior, with “Brother Hung” or “first brother”, “second brother”, “uncle Chow”, and etc.&lt;br /&gt;The translated terms into English are actually not so sufficient to represent whole terms used in an extended family of eastern culture. Is it acceptable to our eastern thought if we just left the politeness code? This is very important if we have an ideal to put English as our communication media, to bridge the social communication in the context of Javanese culture. Or is it possible to attach the terms in our English utterance to naturalize the situation, and to escape from the ethical doubt to call the name for the person we actually want to respect. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Mbak, do you have the book?&lt;br /&gt;Mas, could you tell me where it is?&lt;br /&gt;Mas Yus, I really need your help.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In our context, we will say like this: &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Apa Ibu mau ini?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This addressee is directed to the second person who is actually there with the speaker. The normality of grammar says that the second person is kamu/you. However, the ethics says another. It is impolite to address to someone we should respect by “kamu”. We should change the kamu into the kinship terms, according to the appropriateness to his/her age. In this case, a mother will be upset, and suggest the child not to call her “kamu”. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;*Mah, roti ini separonya buat kamu ya…*&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Or in another situation, a girl will address her senior like below.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Mbak Wid, mau nitip?&lt;br /&gt;which will not be normally transferred into English into?&lt;br /&gt;“Mbak Wid, do you want me to buy some?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The expression of politeness in Javanese culture is really hard to realize as we communicate in English. This case is similar with the addressing somebody in higher position. It is hard to write “mu” (your) in an SMS to mean “panjenengan” or “bapak/ibu” in Javanese or Indonesia.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;“Sir, I lost my book, Could I borrow yours.”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The egalitarian tone is obviously seen in this text. While in Javanese, we actually want to pack this expression in a very polite tone. Seeing the case above, English will only show its respect tone via a vocative tool, like the examples below.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Mom, do you want it?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;When a person will address to someone he/she respect, he must accompany the second person: you” by the vocative tool of politeness. This will also include when it comes to possessive “you”. For the case of the specific term like mbak, it seems that we can keep it to include in our communication in eastern context. This part may be a style of Indonesian English. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;To replace “you” in Javanese social communication with English code, it is possible to make our utterance is mix of English lexical code and Javanese social ethics, by putting the kinship terms in the utterance. This way will keep our politeness verbal expression and enable us to communicate in English way. Perhaps, this will create some odd in our expression, but this is a kind of middle way to bridge the egalitarian nature of English, and our typical ethics as Javanese interlocutors.  Thus, we may consider these expressions.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1) Could Ibu come to the office? (“Could you come to the office”)&lt;br /&gt;2) Are they Bu Nur’s sisters?  (Are they your sisters)&lt;br /&gt;3) Prof, we are waiting for Bapak’s  presentation material. (Prof, we are waiting for your presentation material)&lt;br /&gt;4) Mbak, do Embak have the book? (Mbak, do you have the book)&lt;br /&gt;5) Mas, could Mas Arif tell me where it is? (Mas, could you tell me where it is)&lt;br /&gt;6) Mas Yus, I really need Mas Yus’s help. (Mas Yus, I really need your help)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;There is always a sacrifice in any form of compromised way. Just like Purwo (2009) said that there is a sacrifice of our cultural value as we communicate in English. And one of them is the politeness value which is just lost as we talk in English. In fact, we still want to verbalize the politeness but English is not so sufficient in terms of politeness verbalization. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Final Remarks&lt;br /&gt;The paper is only an initial step to consider some cultural gap which influences our communication. The middle way above is only a hypothesis that we may take, and there are more possibilities to propose in the future with more consideration. At least, this brief view have touched our subtle part of English communication which so far has been left in our ignorance, seeing the fact that there are more considerable matters that should addressed in the context of English learning in our country. However, an attention should be paid for the matter, as well, at least by the individuals who share the concern. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;References&lt;br /&gt;Ahimsa-Putra, Heddy Shri. 2005. Strukturalisme Levi-Strauss. Yogyakarta: Keppel Press. &lt;br /&gt;Alip, Fr. B. 2006. Language and Peace. Journal Phenomena: Journal of Language and Literature Vol.10. No.2-October 2006.  Yogyakrta: Dept. of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University. &lt;br /&gt;Halliday, M.A.K. 1985. Introduction to Functional Grammar. London: Edward Arnold. &lt;br /&gt;Purwo, Bambang Kaswanti. 2009. The Development of Language Study. Informal Lecture for 1st COTEFL May 1-2, 2009.  &lt;br /&gt;Pujiyatno, Ambar. 2009. Istilah-Istilah Kekerabatan Masyarakat Kabupaten Kebumen: Sebuah Kajian Etnolinguistik. Jurnal Leksika: Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra dan Pengajarannya Vol.3.No.1. Pebruari 2009. Purwokerto: Fakultas Sastra, UMP.&lt;br /&gt;Supardo, Susilo. 2006. Addressing Terms in Javanese Aristocrat Family. Jurnal Leksika: Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra dan Pengajarannya Vol.1.No.2. Agustus 2006. Purwokerto: Fakultas Sastra, UMP.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/1535004738747222244-531415751791041432?l=leksika-leksika.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://leksika-leksika.blogspot.com/feeds/531415751791041432/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://leksika-leksika.blogspot.com/2009/06/being-west-and-being-east-effects-on.html#comment-form' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1535004738747222244/posts/default/531415751791041432'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1535004738747222244/posts/default/531415751791041432'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://leksika-leksika.blogspot.com/2009/06/being-west-and-being-east-effects-on.html' title='BEING WEST AND BEING EAST: THE EFFECTS ON JAVANESE SOCIAL COMMUNICATION IN ENGLISH'/><author><name>leksika</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16561735150883024015</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='23' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_sdftwHGT3Uk/SW0-Uv-CT-I/AAAAAAAAAD8/N_A3zsWUws8/S220/image002.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_sdftwHGT3Uk/SjsXXlthU0I/AAAAAAAAAFk/zPML_WZEjsg/s72-c/kontras.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1535004738747222244.post-3276514941541807351</id><published>2009-06-18T21:31:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-06-18T21:34:19.058-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Article: Noble Values in Tradisional Games</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_sdftwHGT3Uk/SjsVLMCQdLI/AAAAAAAAAFc/_1R1mxReRpY/s1600-h/hero.JPG"&gt;&lt;img style="float:left; margin:0 10px 10px 0;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 200px; height: 136px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_sdftwHGT3Uk/SjsVLMCQdLI/AAAAAAAAAFc/_1R1mxReRpY/s200/hero.JPG" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5348892264386032818" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Seeking the Great Values behind the Marginalized Javanese Games&lt;br /&gt;Khristianto,S.S.&lt;br /&gt;Faculty of Letters&lt;br /&gt;Muhammadiyah University of Purwokerto&lt;br /&gt;Jl. Raya Dukuwaluh Po.Box202, Purwokerto&lt;br /&gt;rezalx@yahoo.com, mobile: +62 85227737495&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Abstract&lt;br /&gt;The games for kids don’t only function to entertain, but also takes a role in shaping the personality for the young. The Javanese ancestors had created many kinds of traditional games to play, as the media to play fun, to socialize with others, and also to practice the psychomotor skills for the children. Unfortunately, the games start to fade out from the view, since fewer kids play the games, leaving most to choose the modern, western games, or just get entertained by watching the black box in the living room. This matter must be a concern for the natives of the Indonesian local cultures in general. Thus, it will imply to an extinction of a part of the cultural treasure. &lt;br /&gt;This paper tries to explore the spirit, by revitalizing the values behind the games. It will seek the red line linking many types of traditional games, and goes deeper to formulate the local geniuses within them. By finding the great values, it is expected there will be shared awareness of the importance in the piece of culture for development of human resources. &lt;br /&gt;The result of analysis shows that Javanese games have some common characteristics, those are: well-opened, stimulating psychomotor skills, massive or involving many players, natural setting and environment-based. And the values behind the games are the closeness to the nature, the spirit of togetherness, and the spirit of hard work. &lt;br /&gt;Key words: games, Javanese, local genius. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Introduction&lt;br /&gt;Oktavianus (2008:2) in his paper is concerned on the change of Minangkabau language and culture. &lt;br /&gt;The strong invasion of Indonesian language reaches all regions. Some people even begin to socialize Indonesian as the first language of their new generation. This phenomenon has the impact to the existence of figure of speech. Meanwhile, figure of speech may contain local genius constructed through the ecology of culture and the nuance of Islam characterized Minangkabau people.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;There are many things about traditional closing to their extinction. In Oktavianus’ context above, Bahasa Indonesia is a threat which has put many local language elements on the edge. This paper focuses on the similar concern above, which may have a common root problem. The traditional games are now going to an obvious ending, as their generation left them out. The young of today, who should be the practitioners, have more interests on other kinds of games. The modernity in some aspect has contributed to the extinction. A night with a full moon used to be a party for the kids. The fun atmosphere was strongly felt in the kid’s mind of the past. And they were waiting the moment so much. The day was always play time outside the house. The rainy day meant running like horse in the middle of the drops. Running in wet sounded so heroic. In another, it meant a harvest time for the fruits in the neighbor’s house yard. The sunny day was the time to hunt a good trunk to play kathik, or it was the best time to play oglong, gerobak serbu, or bacean. &lt;br /&gt;All the fun of the games now concludes with the products of modernity. The electricity has put down the values of the full moon in the modern mind. Being to be lighted is usual. It is a normal to have lights in the dark night. This grabs the fascination of the full moon. The charm of invitation the moon has now extinct. This fact is worsened by the TV box. The kids prefer to enjoy the TV programs to the socialization with others by playing traditional games. They refuses other’s summoning to play, as they have a favorite program shown in TV. &lt;br /&gt;As they come to play, it is not the games their parents know. Most games are new imported games with many degrading values. Some games really have gone from the view. Others are rare choice to play. In fact, many social functions are there behind the activities of the games. This paper is a further exploration on the traditional games to find the great values behind them. &lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;The Games and their Function &lt;br /&gt;Games, dolanan, are part of the creative expressions made by a community of culture. Behind the creations, there are some ideas of the culture. Within the creation are many ideas and wisdoms. The design of the games with tools, rules, instructions of what to do and what to say is not just made instantly like a magic. They were designed considering many aspects of education and care to build a good physics and mental. &lt;br /&gt;The culture of Central Java, or that of Javanese in general, has a unique cultural treasures, the traditional games, which used to be the option to take in free time not just for the children but also for adult. The traditional games like petak umpet, bola bekel, engklek, dakon, bacean and many more have sort of historical fun. They do not only function to entertain but also to maintain the social relation among the individuals in society. Monks, et al (1987:117), quoting a Russian sociologist Ljublinskaja, said that games are the reflection of the reality. They are a first knowledge acquisition. The games surely are determined by the factors of cultures as the context. This argument goes well with the statement of  Timmy Hartadi dalam Wahyuni (2007): "Traditional activities for play including games, songs and toys are the result of a structural transaction between human beings and the environment. They create a pattern of social interaction that involves the deepest depths of the human.”&lt;br /&gt;Taking the ideas of Buytendijk, Monks et al (1987:118) further enlist the characteristics of the games. Those are: tool, interactive relation, dynamic, turn taking, simultaneous, massive (involving many individuals), rules, and court to play. &lt;br /&gt;By playing the games, the persons involved will get fun and at the same time maintain the social relation to others, and the children, in particular, will have a strong social bond with each other until they have grown up. &lt;br /&gt;Adisasmito (2008:83) stated that the games as the product of culture stimulate the activities of body and mind. She said that the games are similar to the art as the product of human creation. In the process of playing games, there are beauties and preoccupation, like an art which absorbs the concentration of the artist, and makes the on lookers fascinated. &lt;br /&gt;The togetherness and the massiveness of the games lead to the involvement of many persons or players. This is just right media to support the stages of the social development among the children. As it is stated by the Development Team of MKDK IKIP  Semarang (1991:166), the social development of a child includes four stages: &lt;br /&gt;1. A stage of education him/her not to make trouble to others, and  can appreciate others;&lt;br /&gt;2. A stage of education to make him/her obey the rule and able to adapt to the social norms. &lt;br /&gt;3. A stage of education to train him/her to think comprehensively in the social interaction based on the principle of”take and give”. &lt;br /&gt;4. A stage of education to practice him/her in understanding others. &lt;br /&gt;The characters of the traditional games obviously promote the stages of child development. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;RESULT AND DISCUSSION&lt;br /&gt;Here are the games collected and recorded by Wahyuningsih and Nur Alim (2008) in their research. The list is surely not the whole complete recording of the traditional games owned by the Javanese culture. There should be more than the list below, as it is found by other researchers in Central Java context. The Development Center of PNFI Jayagiri identified 43 traditional games. Another investigation by Zaini Alif of HONG, a Study of Bandung Folklore Game, collected as many as 186 games in Central Java. They believed that the traditional games have moral and cultural values and philosophical meaning. Unfortunately, many of the games are abandoned and forgot by their owners. (Iskandar &amp; Wahyuningsih: 2008). &lt;br /&gt;By seeing 11 games with their characteristics, we can draw some great values and lessons from the games. These values are also accorded from the function of the game as it explained the previous section. The characteristics in the games are well-opened, stimulating psychomotor skills, massive or involving many players, natural setting and environment-based. And the values behind the games are the closeness to the nature, the spirit of togetherness, and the spirit of hard work.&lt;br /&gt;Table 1.&lt;br /&gt;Traditional Games in Central Java&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;No Name of Game No of players tool Court Usual Time&lt;br /&gt;1 Bacean &gt;  3   little pieces of soil made roof&lt;br /&gt; outdoor Day&lt;br /&gt;2 Kathik &gt;  2 Wooden stalk (short and long) &lt;br /&gt; Outdoor Day&lt;br /&gt;3 Banthan &gt;  2 and even more  Stone and Court on the ground&lt;br /&gt; outdoor Day&lt;br /&gt;4 jamuran &gt;  5 No tool&lt;br /&gt; outdoor Day/Night&lt;br /&gt;5 sarunggeng &gt;  6 No tool&lt;br /&gt; outdoor /wide indoor Night&lt;br /&gt;6 Gerobak serbu &gt;  4 (even) No tool&lt;br /&gt; outdoor Day/Night&lt;br /&gt;7 Kethikar_kethikur &gt;  3 Small pieces of stalk leaves of cassava tree&lt;br /&gt; Outdoor/indoor Day&lt;br /&gt;8 Tungkup Madu &gt;  4 (even) No tool&lt;br /&gt; outdoor Day/Night&lt;br /&gt;9 Semut-semutan &gt;  3 Blindfold of scarf or sarong indoor Day/Night&lt;br /&gt;10 Bantha (Panggalan) &gt;  2 Gasing,  a piece of rope to rewind&lt;br /&gt; outdoor Day&lt;br /&gt;11 Oglong &gt;  2 Piece of soil roof and the court on the ground  outdoor day&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;THE COMMON CHARACTERISTICS OF THE TRADITIONAL GAMES&lt;br /&gt;Traditional games are always in open format, widening chances to anyone who wants to join, without any criteria but willing to comply with the agreed rule. There is no requirement to play, unless the individual must have tool for it. And the tools are usually the natural things which can be found easily in the environment. For example, if a kid wants to join the games like banthan or kethikar-kethikur, he/she just needs to find a stone or the leave stalk of cassava picked from the garden. In few minutes, he can start playing the games with other friends. &lt;br /&gt;Indeed some games, such as  bantha panggalan (gasing) or kathik, require the modified tools. The wooden gasing is usually made with the stem or root of the tree trunks of selong or lantoro. The making process is difficult enough for a child. The father or teenager, then helps to create it. However, the toy is a plaything with long durability, since the wooden material make it not easily broken. It is possible the same gasing can be played from one season to another. Therefore, the complexity of the tool making can be compensated with its durable nature. Traditional games are often run seasonal (ungsum) or trend. The context of the weather and climate seem to influence what game to be the trend.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;The open nature is in a line with the next character i.e., involving many people. Traditional games always involve at least two people who must compete each other to achieve victory. The two can be expanded to as many people as possible. Concerning the number, another factor that influences the nature of the game is the type of  individual or group. When the game is a game of individuals then the number of players will not be limited, unless there are limitations in the arena game that need some adequate space.   The games like this require that the number of groups of players must always be complete, considering each group must have same number members. Games such as gerobak  serbu can involve a lot of people without any limit, as long as it is even.. The game gerobak sodor requires the existence of a court in the ground, so this game is usually only involve between 5-7 people in one group or the overall number of players is 10-14 people.&lt;br /&gt;Most of the traditional games is actually more flexible in terms of groups or individuals. This means the game can be played in both groups and individuals. Games like this can be played by two people only, for example tungkup madu (petak umpet, hide and seek), bacean, and banthan. However, if the players are more than 2, then the game is better for groups. This is usually caused by the nature of the game: the simultaneous or turn taking or wait and see. The simultaneous games make all players can play together. While the turn taking ones make a group must wait their turn to play, according to the mistake made by the competitors. Instead of the natures, the traditional game holds a lot of people, so that a group of children can play games together, and when there is a child passing and wanting to join, the game still welcome him/her. And the more players only mean more fun. &lt;br /&gt;Environment-based and the natural setting is other natures of the traditional games. Environment-based means the games can be run easily by applying the existing arena and natural instruments around us. This seems to apply to the village environment, with the lands of wide area. The lack of enough space for a traditional game practice factor seems to be  a factor of its marginalized, especially in the city. As disclosed by Wahyuningsih and Iskandar (2008), the traditional games, Kaulinan Baheula as they mentioned: "The basic infrastructure such as yards or gardens with wide are reduced. For example in the city of Bandung,  Standard need for  the ideal garden is 3.5 square meters per person. However, with a garden now reached 1,226,335.54 m2 to 2.8 million residents, the ratio of parks in the city of Bandung is only about 0.43 square meters per person. Indeed it is not very adequate, and the games all require open space." So, it can be more understood that the children of the city had never be seen to play many of the traditional games. Unfortunately, this social phenomenon is not only the case for the towns and cities in Indonesia. The children of the villages appear to imitate the city culture. This is also related to the marketing through the medium of television, which strengthened the flooding of imported toys which are often associated with kid movies. The Children imitate the form and character in the story of the film, and buy toys that are marketed into the village areas by the toy peddlers. &lt;br /&gt;The instruments of the traditional games can easily be found in our environment. The Children who need to play just have to get to know about nature and find the tools there. When they went to the river for a bath, they go home with a rock-hard stone used to play bantha. Or when they walk through the housing, they can collect a small piece worn roof, talawengkar, oglong , and bacean. When they go through the garden with plants of cassava, they can pluck leaves for the stem taken a tool to play kethikar-kethikur. Or when they want to play kathik or panggalan, they just only need to find a garden wood, and collecting devices play. Or they do not need to do anything, other than to gather and share the group when they play gerobak serbu or  gerobak sodor. It is really perfect, indeed. &lt;br /&gt;Natural setting means the games do not require any setting, in addition to the arena that may need to be prepared with simple lines on the ground, such as oglong, banthan, or gerobak sodor. Others are simply played and remain in the surrounding environment. The players are in a quite natural setting for the play can get a preoccupation. This game is very different from the modern game-which usually requires the existence of infrastructure and setting that is not natural, which culminate on consumerism. For example, chess, football, play station, pistol toy, car toy, car-racing toy, and others. &lt;br /&gt;Another characteristic which can be identified by the writer is a training of mental and physical. Traditional games require the players to have a dynamic creativity and psychomotor skill. Besides, the players need to be able to identify the weakness of the opponent, location map, and strategies to be the winner of them. In addition, it always has the physical ability as the most prominent feature, with the players should rely on their own body as the main instrument. The Physical nature of this trick is the lack of the modern game-playing. For example oglong game, which requires players to jump around with one foot, with a variety of body positions? In addition, coordination between the senses and coordination of the parts of the body are also a requirement for a successful play.&lt;br /&gt;THE NOBLE VALUES BEHIND THE TRADITIONAL GAMES&lt;br /&gt;The values behind the games which can be recognized by the writer are the closeness to the nature, the spirit of togetherness, and the spirit of hard work. Surely, many other values are there, in need of deeper exploration related to other cultural values and philosophical foundation in the Javanese. However, those three should lead to awareness that the games are beneficial as part of education on our children, and we should do something to protect and revitalize them. &lt;br /&gt;The Closeness to Nature&lt;br /&gt;As they are carefully viewed, the traditional games are a form of solicitation on the human to be always close to the nature. This is evident from the materials used as equipments in the games. All are only about the things in nature. The kids just need to seek in nature directly, and then apply instantly in them, such as stone for bantha game, and also talawengkar, or tile in a bacean. Or they need to do a few modifications to the materials obtained from nature, such as the stem and stick in a game kathik, or panggalan which need be shaped from the root or trunk. The equipments are obtained with the involvement of children with nature as a form of naturalistic education, as the opponent of the materialistic, which is always looking for the answers for the problems of living in money. Games of children on this day always be on the nature of consumerism, pragmatism, which are culminated in the reluctance to try on the self and become an  independent person.&lt;br /&gt;The case includes the urge for kids to explore the nature and to stay close with it, if they want to play. The court on the ground with a modification of motor skills or the understanding of the places in the surrounding environment as the most strategic position to hide are all manifestation of the game to make players closely attached to the nature. Children are also required to utilize materials from nature to get around finding the equipment of the play. This is a good teaching that nature is the entity that provides many benefits for them. Thus, they can be more internalized with the mutual relation between human and nature, as well as an encouragement to love and protect the environment.&lt;br /&gt;The Spirit of Togetherness &lt;br /&gt;Other values that we can find in a traditional game is the beauty of togetherness. Traditional games always involve a lot of people, players will become increasingly more and more exciting as more people are involved. In nature, the message to interact socially with others  is nurtured from the childhood. In addition, a togetherness, and not individualistic, is also an element which is very important and effective. Children through fun learn how to play live together and manage their personality  for the running well of the game. Just compare to individual games of the modern coming  from other cultures, such as play station, robots, or pistol. The games require new player to buy things to join. And it takes much time and cost to have the instrument. The traditional games is just a gate of  togetherness, accepting anyone who want to join as long as complied with the agreed rules. &lt;br /&gt;The traditional games are the medium of small society for children in which they  socially interact to each other. In the bond of togetherness with many individuals, they are trained to recognize the characters of others, and how they should behave to adapt with them. In addition, the adaptation and the submission to the game rules and penalties for violations are the early nurture for kids to prepare the life of being adult. In a real society, there are also rules to obey and its violation has some unpleasant consequent, with an implication for the loss on others.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Value of Hard Work and Self-Reliance Spirits&lt;br /&gt;There are values of the nurturing of self-reliance spirit and the hard work  culture, by practicing the children mentally and physically. The children are put into a habit of working to gain thing. They have to do something before they start playing. Why is it so? The traditional games are the contextual games accorded to the nature. This will make them easy to find the tools around the environment. They can rely on themselves to fulfill the demands required for playing them. &lt;br /&gt;The children just observe the nature to search for materials to be modified as a play instrument. Sometimes they also need to cultivate the skills to make the tools such as  kathik or panggalan games. Initially, they may only learn their brothers create equipment. In time, they will start learning to create their own tools for use using their own skills. Such skills are also needed to win a game. &lt;br /&gt;The values above are also disclosed by Adisasmito (2008:84) saying many positive attitudes are actually attributed planted through the games. She states “the activities such as games, especially in the form of art, will imply on the psychological  condition of sincerity, independence, creative power, mental balance, and spiritual attitude.” Of course, the values  can still be more explored by referring to more cultural theories about the local culture, or directly finding the views from the cultural experts, who have not had time to give their attention on the part of the cultural phenomenon.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Closing Remarks &lt;br /&gt;In line with the developments of the era and the technology, the games are now rarely played the more traditional and more marginalized. Children prefer to play the games using the modern technologies such as play station, video game and even on-line video game that can be accessed via the internet. It is rarely seen the children spending time by going to the traditional games. Therefore, the efforts to revitalize the traditional game have so wide meaning. This step is the effort to get our children back on the games which are the original products of the Javanese ancestors. &lt;br /&gt;An alternative way is by including the games in the school context, especially in elementary, kindergarten and playgroup. The values in the games can be the media to nurture the noble attitude on the kids. In another, the games can be modified into media to learn English, just like what Wahyuningsih and Nur Alim (2008) did. This goes in line the statement of Baker (2003) : In a child’s world there is no distinction between playing and learning. Play is the means by which the child makes discoveries and learns about the world. Learning in general and a language in particular, through enjoyable, interesting and stimulating activities, enables the child to learn in a way that is natural and full of fun for her/him&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;References&lt;br /&gt;Adisasmito, Nuning Damayanti. 2008. Education of Art as a Process of Innovative and Creative Cultural Heritage in the Indonesian Society. Jurnal Educare, Vol.1. No.1, August 2008. Bandung: ASPENSI, IKA UPI Bandung dan FKIP-UMP.&lt;br /&gt;Maskowitz, Gertrude.1978. Caring and Sharing in the Foreign Language Class: A Sourcebook on Humanistic Techniques. Massachussets: Newbury House Publisher, Inc. Rowley.&lt;br /&gt;Monks, F.J., Knoers, A.M.P., &amp; Haditono, Siti Rahayu. 1987. Psikologi Perkembangan: Pengantar dalam berbagai bagiannya. Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada University Press. &lt;br /&gt;Oktavianus. 2008. Figure of Speech in Minangkabau Language. National Seminar on Language, Literature and Teaching. Padang: Fakultas Sastra, UNP.  &lt;br /&gt;Tim Pengembangan MKDK IKIP Semarang. 1991. Dasar-Dasar Pendidikan: Semarang: IKIP Semarang Press. &lt;br /&gt;Titik, Wahyuningsih, &amp; Nur Alim, Condro. 2008. Permainan Tradisional sebagai Media Pembelajaran Bahasa Inggris. Laporan Penelitian-DIKTI 2008&lt;br /&gt;Internet Sources: &lt;br /&gt;Baker, Carol. 2003. Learning at Play English. http://www.playenglish.it/En/en_ourSchoolPD.htm&lt;br /&gt;Iskandar, Harris &amp; Wahyuningsih, Sri. 2008. Kaulinan Baheula Sebagai Media Pembelajaran pada Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini. “Festival Kaulinan Barudak Baheula” Bandung, 14-20 Desember 2008. Bandung: Pusat Pengembangan Pendidikan Non Formal dan Informal Regional Uayagiri, Ditjen PNFI Depdiknas&lt;br /&gt;Wahyuni, Sri. 2007. Full Moon Festival Helps Revive In Traditional Toys. Jakarta: JakartaPost. www.jakartapost.com&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/1535004738747222244-3276514941541807351?l=leksika-leksika.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://leksika-leksika.blogspot.com/feeds/3276514941541807351/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://leksika-leksika.blogspot.com/2009/06/article-noble-values-in-tradisional.html#comment-form' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1535004738747222244/posts/default/3276514941541807351'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1535004738747222244/posts/default/3276514941541807351'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://leksika-leksika.blogspot.com/2009/06/article-noble-values-in-tradisional.html' title='Article: Noble Values in Tradisional Games'/><author><name>leksika</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16561735150883024015</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='23' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_sdftwHGT3Uk/SW0-Uv-CT-I/AAAAAAAAAD8/N_A3zsWUws8/S220/image002.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_sdftwHGT3Uk/SjsVLMCQdLI/AAAAAAAAAFc/_1R1mxReRpY/s72-c/hero.JPG' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1535004738747222244.post-7029058796190295233</id><published>2009-02-28T23:32:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2009-02-28T23:37:22.672-08:00</updated><title type='text'>CALL FOR PAPER ON TEFL</title><content type='html'>&lt;o:smarttagtype namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name="place" downloadurl="http://www.5iantlavalamp.com/"&gt;&lt;/o:smarttagtype&gt;&lt;o:smarttagtype namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name="PlaceName" downloadurl="http://www.5iantlavalamp.com/"&gt;&lt;/o:smarttagtype&gt;&lt;o:smarttagtype namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name="PlaceType"&gt;&lt;/o:smarttagtype&gt;&lt;o:smarttagtype namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name="City" downloadurl="http://www.5iamas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags"&gt;&lt;/o:smarttagtype&gt;&lt;o:smarttagtype namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name="country-region" downloadurl="http://www.5iantlavalamp.com/"&gt;&lt;/o:smarttagtype&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt; 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 &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"&gt;&lt;b style=""&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;"  &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"&gt;&lt;b style=""&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;"  &gt;1-2 May 2009&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"&gt;&lt;b style=""&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;"  &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;"  &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;"  &gt;Teaching English in &lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;Indonesia&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt; is a crucial issue among the problems of education in general. This fact is a case not only in high school context but also in the higher level. A wider functionality of English in &lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;Indonesia&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt; as a part of global area of the world community puts it in more important role, despite its foreign status. Moreover, the fast developing information technology enhances the dynamic of English teaching. It poses challenges and provides options of methods, media, and strategies.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;"  &gt;A good quality of English teaching is a prerequisite in all education levels. Those who get involved in English teaching should update the newest issues in order to fulfill both academic and practical needs. This is to assure that the learning will reach its ultimate success.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;"   lang="EN-US"&gt;The topics dealing with the matter will be addressed by some experts of TEFL. This will be supplemented by a lot of papers written by practitioners from high schools and universities sharing their knowledge and experience in learning practices and researches in various contexts and background. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;"   lang="EN-US"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;b style=""&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;"   lang="EN-US"&gt;Theme&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;"   lang="EN-US"&gt;The conference puts a main theme of Teaching English as Foreign Language, divided into some sub themes: &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:Wingdings;font-size:11;"   lang="SV"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;v&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:7;"  &gt;     &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;"   lang="SV"&gt;Cultural Factors in TEFL &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:Wingdings;font-size:11;"  &gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;v&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:7;"  &gt;     &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;"   lang="EN-US"&gt;Method and Media for TEFL &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;"  &gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:Wingdings;font-size:11;"   lang="EN-US"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;v&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:7;"  &gt;     &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;"   lang="EN-US"&gt;Researches on English and its teaching&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:Wingdings;font-size:11;"  &gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;v&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:7;"  &gt;     &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;"  &gt;Teaching English For Young Learners&lt;i style=""&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:Wingdings;font-size:11;"   lang="SV"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;v&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:7;"  &gt;     &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;"   lang="SV"&gt;Literatures in English Teaching &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:Wingdings;font-size:11;"  &gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;v&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:7;"  &gt;     &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;"  &gt;Computer Assisted Language Learning&lt;i style=""&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:Wingdings;font-size:11;"  &gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;v&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:7;"  &gt;     &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;"   lang="SV"&gt;Other related topics&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=""&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;"  &gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;b style=""&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;"  &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;b style=""&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;"  &gt;Invited Speakers &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;"   lang="SV"&gt;Prof. DR. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;"   lang="EN-US"&gt;Bambang Kaswanti Purwo (Catholics &lt;st1:placetype st="on"&gt;University&lt;/st1:placetype&gt; of &lt;st1:placename st="on"&gt;Atma Jaya&lt;/st1:placename&gt;, &lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:city st="on"&gt;Jakarta&lt;/st1:city&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;)&lt;b style=""&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;"   lang="EN-US"&gt;DR. Jufrizal, M.Hum (&lt;st1:placetype st="on"&gt;State&lt;/st1:placetype&gt; &lt;st1:placetype st="on"&gt;University&lt;/st1:placetype&gt; of &lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:city st="on"&gt;Padang&lt;/st1:city&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt;) &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;"   lang="EN-US"&gt;DR. Furqanul Aziz, M.Pd. (&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:placename st="on"&gt;Muhammadiyah&lt;/st1:placename&gt;  &lt;st1:placetype st="on"&gt;University&lt;/st1:placetype&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt; of Purwokerto) &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;"   lang="EN-US"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"&gt;&lt;b style=""&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;"   lang="EN-US"&gt;Papers&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;"  &gt;Abstract in 250-300 words should be sent to &lt;a href="mailto:rezalx@ymail.com"&gt;&lt;span style="color:#000000;"&gt;rezalx@ymail.com&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; as an attachment, bearing name, institution affiliation, phone number, and postal address. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;"   lang="SV"&gt;The paper must be : &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:Wingdings;font-size:11;"   lang="EN-US"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;v&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:7;"  &gt;     &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;"   lang="EN-US"&gt;Original and has not been presented anywhere else. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 9pt 0.0001pt 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:Wingdings;font-size:11;"   lang="EN-US"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;v&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:7;"  &gt;     &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;"   lang="EN-US"&gt;5 pages including the recent bibliography. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 9pt 0.0001pt 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:Wingdings;font-size:11;"  &gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;v&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:7;"  &gt;     &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;"   lang="SV"&gt;Paper size&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;"  &gt;: A4&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 9pt 0.0001pt 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:Wingdings;font-size:11;"  &gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;v&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:7;"  &gt;     &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;"  &gt;Program: MS Word&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 9pt 0.0001pt 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:Wingdings;font-size:11;"  &gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;v&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:7;"  &gt;     &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;"  &gt;Font : Times New Roman 11 pt&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 9pt 0.0001pt 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:Wingdings;font-size:11;"  &gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;v&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:7;"  &gt;     &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;"  &gt;Margin Left: 2½ cm, right – up – bottom = 2 cm&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 9pt 0.0001pt 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:Wingdings;font-size:11;"  &gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;v&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:7;"  &gt;     &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;"  &gt;Space: single&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"&gt;&lt;b style=""&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;"  &gt;Important Dates&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;"  &gt;March 25, 2009: deadline of abstract submission &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;"   lang="EN-US"&gt;March 30, 2009: notification of acceptance&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;"   lang="EN-US"&gt;April 25, 2009: deadline of paper submission &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;"   lang="EN-US"&gt;April 25, 2009: deadline of registration&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;"   lang="EN-US"&gt;April 27, 2009: deadline of presentation material&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11;"  &gt;May 1-2, 2009: conference days &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/1535004738747222244-7029058796190295233?l=leksika-leksika.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://leksika-leksika.blogspot.com/feeds/7029058796190295233/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://leksika-leksika.blogspot.com/2009/02/call-for-paper-on-tefl.html#comment-form' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1535004738747222244/posts/default/7029058796190295233'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1535004738747222244/posts/default/7029058796190295233'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://leksika-leksika.blogspot.com/2009/02/call-for-paper-on-tefl.html' title='CALL FOR PAPER ON TEFL'/><author><name>leksika</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16561735150883024015</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='23' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_sdftwHGT3Uk/SW0-Uv-CT-I/AAAAAAAAAD8/N_A3zsWUws8/S220/image002.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1535004738747222244.post-1817522878812271445</id><published>2009-01-26T21:30:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2009-01-26T21:35:51.930-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Story'/><title type='text'>Ibu, Karang dan Aku</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_sdftwHGT3Uk/SX6c8_uO_WI/AAAAAAAAAEc/HvbSBWxLzy0/s1600-h/kanker2.jpg"&gt;&lt;span style="color:#66ffff;"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5295842783545720162" style="FLOAT: right; MARGIN: 0px 0px 10px 10px; WIDTH: 92px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 124px" alt="" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_sdftwHGT3Uk/SX6c8_uO_WI/AAAAAAAAAEc/HvbSBWxLzy0/s200/kanker2.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="color:#66ffff;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="color:#66ffff;"&gt;….Kebetulan saja aku bisa tenang dalam gandengan Bapak yang berbadan tinggi besar. Sosok yang dengannya aku merasa terlindungi. Pletak-Pletuk suara-suara sepatu yang berbenturan dengan keramik koridor rumah sakit yang begitu panjang....sangat panjang dan membosankan....untungnya ada tanaman-tanaman yang tumbuh segar di sepanjangnya. Aku pasti selalu kelelahan begitu sampai ke kamar Ibu, yang ada di bangsal tengah. Sering di tengah jalan, aku terpaksa sering-sering berhenti untuk melepas rasa pegal di tungkai kaki. Biasanya pria berbadan tinggi besar di sampingku langsung tanggap dan dengan cepat menyambar tubuh kecilku, membopong dan melangkah lebih cepat. Aku sendiri merasa seperti terbang dan menikmati semilir angin perjalanan di tengah udara. Tangan-tangan mungilku mendekap pundak lebar itu sambil mata memejam—menikmati perjalanan di koridor itu sebagai kelebatan pilot pesawat kecil dengan satu penumpang yang terbang sangat rendah. Atraksi yang hebat!&lt;br /&gt;Sebenarnya tidak...sudah hampir 3 tahun, tubuh kecil ini tidak lagi banyak tergantung pada sosok ibu—yang normalnya merupakan seorang yang selalu menjadi pendamping sekaligus model dari seorang anak. Tapi...beliau hanya terkulai lemah. Selalu begitu. Memoriku tentang ibu tidak lain adalah wajah pasi, tubuh kurus kering, dan suara mendesis serta mata yang terpejam menahan sakit yang tidak tertahan. Aku biasanya tidak kuat melihat semua itu. Lalu tanpa bersuara, mendekap tangan-tangan tulang itu, menaruhnya di dadaku dan aku tertelungkup di atasnya, air mataku mengalir deras...dan tanpa suara. Aku tidak merasakan apapun secara fisik. Tetapi robekan hati itu tidak kepalang rasanya....”Ibu...maafkan Fari ya?”&lt;br /&gt;....Kepala dengan rambut jarang dan sangat kusut itu pun tidak kuasa mengangguk...tapi aku yakin bahwa mengiyakan permohonanku...kini mata cekung itu yang melelehkan air mata....”Ibu...jangan menangis...!”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Drama sedih harian itu menjadi semacam hiburan rutin dalam panggung kehidupan. Ironis memang. Tapi begitulah. Yang aku yakin bukan hanya menimpa aku seorang diri di belahan bumi Indonesia. Aku serta ibuku masih beruntung. Sangat beruntung. Sosok tinggi besar andalan kami selalu menemukan cara untuk menunjukkan ikhtiar yang layaknya dilakukan. Aku pun tahu itu. Bapak harus ke sana ke mari untuk mencari pinjaman. Penghasilan bulanan serta honor-honor yang ia peroleh untuk kerjanya di luar kantor masih jauh dari mencukupi untuk menutup biaya pengobatan ibu.&lt;br /&gt;Tapi begitulah bapak. Tiada beban. Menjalani segalanya dengan senyum. Meski aku yakin ada kepayahan yang mendalam bukan hanya secara fisik—yang aku heran badannya tetap segede itu—dan seribu kelelahan psikis. Beliau selalu menyapa ibu dengan senyum. Biasanya seusai membiarkan aku mencium tangan ibu. Badan besar itu akan membungkuk, dan mengecup kening, terus kedua mata cekung ibu yang berbalut selaput kulit yang begitu kering. Tangannya menggenggam tangan ibu erat. Mencoba menyalurkan kekuatan untuk jasad yang terlampau lelah dan kesakitan itu.&lt;br /&gt;Sisi lain dari keuntungan kami, dan ibu tentu, adalah kesabaran serta KESETIAAN yang tak berbatas. Hatinya adalah lautan energi positif. Lautan yang sepanjang penangkapanku tiada sedikit pun berpolusi. Ingin rasanya aku menulis surat pada GreenPeace bahwa mereka boleh berbangga karena di sini masih ada lautan yang betul-betul bersih tanpa polusi. Mereka tidak perlu khawatir tentang ikan atau lobster yang terkotori oleh polithylen dari materi-materi plastik. Di sini, dalam diri pria berbadan tegap nan besar. Ayahku.&lt;br /&gt;Soal kesetiaan itu. Hai! Para laki-laki para penguasa patriarkis, di sini berdiri seorang dari kaummu yang memiliki seribu alasan untuk menikah lagi, tetapi ia tidak melakukannya. Cintanya utuh, dan makin tumbuh berakar demi melihat sosok yang didambanya semakin menyusut dihisap kesegaran serta keanggunannya oleh sel-sel kanker di tubuhnya. Semenjak ibu terdeteksi oleh dokter bahwa penyebab frekuensi kencingnya yang begitu hebat yang diikuti dengan gelembung perut yang makin besar adalah tumor kandungan empedu, bapak mulai tidak bisa berkonsentrasi pada pekerjaan-pekerjaannya. Ia hanya fokus pada bagaimana memulihkan kesehatan ibu. Maka, aku menjadi biasa melihat Bapak yang segera menghilangkan bekas-bekas tangisnya sebelum langkah pertama membuka kamar perawatan Ibu. Paska pengangkatan ovarium itu, ibu harus menjalani kemoterapi untuk memastikan bahwa sel-sel kankernya betul-betul mati dan hilang dari tubuhnya. Zat-zat sitotoksik mulai masuk ke tubuh ibu yang tampak selalu dalam kondisi kesakitan. Namun baru mendapatkan dua kali obat kemoterapi, kondisi ibu sudah tidak berbentuk lagi. Kecantikan yang aku kenali dari foto-fotonya betul-betul amblas total. Kecantikan itu berubah menjadi sosok kurus, tulang berbalut kulit, dengan kepala yang hampir pelontos. Seluruh tubuhnya lemas, lunglai, badan seperti terbakar, nafsu makan hilang, bau makanan menjadi sumber rasa mual yang tidak tertahan. HB darahnya turun drastis.&lt;br /&gt;Dan karang kesetiaan itu makin kokoh memapah ibu. Menjadi pendamping yang selalu tersenyum. Meyakinkan bahwa keindahan bahtera akan bisa diraih kembali. Itulah sinyal-sinyal verbal yang aku yakin tidak salah menangkapnya dari pandangan serta isyarat tubuh dari setiap perilaku bapak, saat menemani Ibu setiap kali ia menyelesaikan tugas-tugasnya untuk menafkahi aku serta ibu dan menjamin bahwa perawatan yang mahal itu tetap bisa ia tangani.&lt;br /&gt;Aku tahu bahwa bapak selalu menyembunyikan tangisnya dari aku dan ibu. Selama hampir 3 tahun itu, aku sering mendapati bapak tidak ada di sampingku. Terdengar sesenggukan dari sebelah kamar. Ruang shalat di rumah kami. Tampaknya selepas tengah malam, pria bertubuh besar itu menjadi lelaki cengeng di hadapan Tuhannya. Ia memasrahkan segalanya, termasuk nasib ibu padaNya. Kadang saat ia kembali ke pembaringan, sesenggukannya masih terbawa. Sekali lagi, aku pun menjadi lelaki cengeng, yang munafik. Aku menangis tanpa suara. Tanpa air mata.&lt;br /&gt;***&lt;br /&gt;Malam lengang. Angin terasa kehilangan energi untuk bergerak menunjukkan keberadaannya. Langit pun serasa senyap tanpa sedikit cahaya. Kerlip bintang-bintang kecil di langit jauh sana, tak kuat menembus horison-horison kota yang mandi gemerlap cahaya. Syukurlah! Malam yang sempurna. Setidaknya listrik tidak mati hari ini. Tragis memang kisah negeriku ini. Negeri nan kaya yang dulu begitu bangga dengan kekayaan dan limpahan karunia yang tertuang dalam berbagai syair dan nyanyian. Kini kebanggan itu tersisa hanya dengan kenyataan pahit bahwa Ibu pertiwi tidak sanggup lagi menyangga kebutuhan anak-anak bangsa. Ia begitu kepayahan meladeni teriakan dan tangisan para Ibu yang khawatir dengan anak-anak dan bayinya di rumah, yang bisa saja kelaparan seharian. Mereka harus berebutan demi 2 liter minyak tanah untuk memastikan bahwa ia adalah ibu yang bertanggung jawab atau meyakinkan diri bahwa ia tidak gagal dan menemui suaminya yang menunggu di rumah dengan bersungut-sungut, dan menghabiskan menikmati sajian-sajian hiburan di kotak hitam di rumahnya, dan kepulan asap rokok yang tidak berhenti menjadi polusi, bukan hanya untuk tubuhnya tetapi juga rumah seisinya. Atau, si bapak akan tanpa ragu mendamprat dan mengarahkan tapak tangannya yang sangat kasar ke pipinya. ”Wanita bodoh!!” sambil beranjak dari kursinya, dan membawa uang yang sedianya untuk membeli minyak, untuk pergi ke warung dan menikmati sajian perut lapar itu sendiri, melupakan nasib orang-orang yang ia tinggal dan meyakinkan bahwa uang itu adalah mutlak haknya.&lt;br /&gt;Ya. Lampu benderang. Ibu pertiwi malam ini masih sangat sayang. Dan aku pun maklum ketika tiga hari ke depan, kotaku gelap. Itu berarti Ibu pertiwi tengah melepas lelah. Sambil mengurut dadanya yang naik turun kembang kempis. ”Ibu, itu bukan salahmu. Sama sekali. Ada beberapa raksasa serakah di negeri ini. Tetapi kau masih menganggapnya sebagai anak yang harus kau lindungi.” Begitulah jiwa seorang ibu.&lt;br /&gt;Serasa sebuah malam yang disebut sebagai lailatur qadar, malam dimana Tuhan menurunkan malaikatnya yang paling penyayang untuk memberikan cinta dan kasih sayang, menjawab segala doa yang dibisikan oleh bibir taqwa di malam gulita. Tapi, aku sendiri hanya terkapar sambil merenungi kisah-kisah tentang ibu di pembaringan. Aku ingin memastikan ibu tidak merasa terbeban secara mental. Aku tidak ingin ada rasa bersalah karena tidak merawatku dengan sempurna. Atau tidak menjadi istri yang dapat memenuhi kebutuhan batin seorang laki-laki, suaminya. Aku pun memastikan diri untuk bisa melaporkan hal-hal hebat yang aku lakukan di sekolah di depan teman-teman dan ibu guru. Tentang lomba-lomba mewarnai yang aku bisa taklukan dengan mudah. Tentang kontes pidato atau storytelling yang aku selalu ada menjadi peserta, meskipun hanya berkutat pada tingkat lima besar. ”Ibu, aku hebat kan. Itu karena ibu. Otak dari genetis ibu. Buktinya, Ibu kan yang bisa menggambar dan mahir berbahasa Inggris....Dan kehebatan itu ada padaku. Berkat engkau ibu...” Bisikan-bisikan itu kusampaikan di pembaringan ibu, sambil menunjukkan penghargaan yang aku terima. Bibir lemahnya pun mengecup mataku dengan lembut. Ia tersenyum. Tak urung air matanya pun tetap luruh...&lt;br /&gt;”Far, kau akan lebih hebat dari ini. Jauh lebih hebat...seandainya ibu tidak begini. Kau akan memenangkan peringkat tertinggi dalam kontes itu, andaikan ibu menjadi audiens yang menikmati kisah-kisah bahasa Inggrismu. Menjadi lawan bermain dalam kontes pidatomu.” Mungkin itulah kata-kata yang tertuang dari buliran-buliran air mata dari dua bola cekung yang sangat mencintaiku. Sungguh realitas lebih kaya akan kata-kata. Satu citra kadang musti dituangkan dengan berlembar-lembar kisah. Sebagaimana campur baru antara cinta, permohonan maaf, kasih tak terbatas, ribuan rasa dan emosi yang tiada batas yang tertuang dengan genggaman tangan, kecupan lembut, dan luruhan air mata.&lt;br /&gt;Malam sepi itu ternyata adalah kata pamitan yang disampaikan oleh tubuh lemah ibu. Aku berkeyakinan bahwa malam bak lailatul qadar itu adalah wujud pelayanan alam terhadap seorang manusia yang sekian lama menderita, dan berupaya menghadirkan kesedihan, permohonan maaf serta cinta yang mendalam kepada aku, bapak, dan orang-orang yang akan kehilangan sosoknya. Aku yakin bahwa lengang itu berupaya meyakinkan bahwa ”cintaku kepada kalian kan terbawa hingga pertemuan berikutnya, dan berikutnya lagi.”&lt;br /&gt;Pagi itu, aku mendapati bapak bersimpuh. Karang itu begitu rapuh. Badan besarnya limbung. Ketegaran-ketegaran itu terlihat luntur. Aku sendiri tidak berani menghampirinya. Tubuhku lunglai dalam pelukan eyang putri, yang juga tiada kuasa membendung air mata. Bukan karena tubuh ibu yang sudah kaku. Kami sudah terbiasa menelan derita kesakitan ibu tiap kali efek dari sel-sel kanker itu menunjukkan sifat jahatnya. Sel yang teramat kejam. Aku membayangkan sosok sel kanker, seperti komando prajurit Mongol dalam kisah Mulan. Pedang besar, badan lebar, dan cambang mengerikan. Yang ada dalam otaknya adalah memenggal dan menumpahkan darah.&lt;br /&gt;Eyang menangis demi melihat bapak yang seolah kehilangan nyawa. Energinya yang maha hebat seakan terserap seluruhnya oleh duka kepergian ibu. Matanya yang selalu berkilat penuh semangat kini tampak kuyu. Eyang makin mendekapku erat, mencoba meyakinkan bahwa semuanya kan baik-baik saja. Bahwa bapak akan kembali meraih semangat hidupnya. Atau paling tidak bahwa eyang akan sanggup menggantikan peran bapak, andaikan ada sesuatu yang menimpa. Aku pun membiarkan air mataku membahasi pundak eyang. Aku ketakutan. Aku kasihan pada bapak. Aku takut dia kenapa-napa. ”Tuhan berikan kekuatanmu sekarang. Karang itu membutuhkan tiang semangat baru untuk menopang hidupnya.”&lt;br /&gt;***&lt;br /&gt;Aku masih terpekur, komat-kamit menyelesaikan doa terakhirku. Pagi masih sangat ranum. Aku bersujud mencium bagian atas pusara ibu. Kubayangkan itu adalah pipinya, yang aku yakin sudah cantik kembali. Tepat di bawah karang bunga besar yang sengaja aku pesan dari tiga hari uang lalu, untuk menemani doaku, air mataku pun luruh kembali, memburai tiada terbendung. Air mata yang selama ini kutahan hampir 20 tahun. Tangisku berakhir dengan sesenggukan panjang, kepalaku menoreh-noreh pasir, mataku terpejam, larut dalam kesedihan yang sengaja kupendam dalam. Hampir 30 menit, sujud tangisku membuncah di atas pusara ibu. Seandainya, bukan pusara, ibu pasti akan mendelik karena bajunya sudah kuyup oleh air mata.&lt;br /&gt;”Far, hari sudah siang...sebentar lagi kita harus bersiap,” tangan kekar itu menarik pundak. Dan membantuku berdiri. Dia tidak sebesar dulu. Malah sekitar dua senti di bawahku. Aku pun mendekap tubuh kekar itu. Yang sekarang sama kekarnya denganku. ”Terima kasih, bapak...” Kami pun meninggalkan pusara itu, dengan berdekapan, meninggalkan pusara dengan karangan besar bertatakan bunga-bunga kuning dan daun pandan. Tertulis dengan jelas, ”Selamat dan Sukses atas Dilantiknya Dr. Fahri Buwana, SpOg(K).” &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/1535004738747222244-1817522878812271445?l=leksika-leksika.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://leksika-leksika.blogspot.com/feeds/1817522878812271445/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://leksika-leksika.blogspot.com/2009/01/ibu-karang-dan-aku.html#comment-form' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1535004738747222244/posts/default/1817522878812271445'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1535004738747222244/posts/default/1817522878812271445'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://leksika-leksika.blogspot.com/2009/01/ibu-karang-dan-aku.html' title='Ibu, Karang dan Aku'/><author><name>leksika</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16561735150883024015</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='23' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_sdftwHGT3Uk/SW0-Uv-CT-I/AAAAAAAAAD8/N_A3zsWUws8/S220/image002.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_sdftwHGT3Uk/SX6c8_uO_WI/AAAAAAAAAEc/HvbSBWxLzy0/s72-c/kanker2.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1535004738747222244.post-2350499804699252797</id><published>2009-01-07T22:20:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2009-01-13T18:08:59.396-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Article'/><title type='text'>Wax and Wane of the Indonesian Women</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_sdftwHGT3Uk/SWWb9oBTMuI/AAAAAAAAADs/d9XUvhXPgWY/s1600-h/guru.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5288804820433711842" style="FLOAT: left; MARGIN: 0px 10px 10px 0px; WIDTH: 123px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 139px" alt="" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_sdftwHGT3Uk/SWWb9oBTMuI/AAAAAAAAADs/d9XUvhXPgWY/s200/guru.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="color:#66ff99;"&gt;Wax and Wane of the Indonesian Women&lt;br /&gt;The Power of Discourse and The Discourse for Power&lt;br /&gt;Khristianto&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Introduction&lt;br /&gt;The woman stand in public is not only questioned by religion institution. History has shown in real evidences that female is really the marginal and seen just to be the male’s subordinates. The fight against the male domination has long encountered the barriers of social rules. As stated in Udasmoro and Nurwidyohening (2007:148), the woman, since the beginning, has been put in the domestic areas (being a nature), while the man is regarded as the agents of the culture, who works to think, create and apply the properties of the public domain. This can be seen from the evidences of negative views about the woman. The woman is valued lower than man. Quoting Jean Delameau, the writers point out that in some period of time, the western culture had viewed the woman as the source of the problem, the trouble makers, or the common cause of social problems.&lt;br /&gt;As we turn to the history of human creation, genesis, we will find the similar ideas. The fall of Adam from Heaven is of the woman factor. Eve, his spouse, persuaded him to follow what devil (or snake) asked. Adam and Eve took the forbidden fruit and God finally ordered both to get out from the place. It is the original sin, which was then followed by first murder. This was also done by man because of the woman reason. The stimatization of the different sex by the male continues to the eras of philosphers positioning the woman in the negative stand. In this postmodern period, the female is still the questionable human being—their capability is frequently put in doubt just because the fact that they have a different sex. This case occurred in Indonesia. Megawati had to take a curving road to reach her presidency, in spite of the victory her party won. The reality of her sex forced her to face the strong barrier in our democratic country in which people must judge the person according to what he or she does, not to who he or she is. It doesn’t mean to ignore other possible factors, but the woman issue is the most prominent behind the reason of her refusal for president at that time.&lt;br /&gt;The refusal was made of the discourses by the master. Who is the master of discourse? Khak (2007) said that they are the capital owners and the officials og the legislatives and the executives. The capital owners put their power of the discourse through the products they manufacture and market to the public. The legislatives and the executives manifest their hold on the language in the forms of the rules, the regulations, and the law. They also poured down their disourse power in the media in which they are the source of information for the public. By the language they use, they influence the public on how to speak and express ideas. They are models for the public in using a language. In this sense of model, the celebrities are very contagious to their fans.&lt;br /&gt;Through the language, the disourse owner also manages and control others to have a certain view, behave in a some manner, to do like what he or she wants. That is why language can be the useful method to analyze and to constitute an ideology (Djatmika and Rarastesa, 2007: 15). The approach applied to search for the meaning of discourse here is the critical discourse analysis (Fairclough: 1997). Fairclough stated that the discourse analysis, including media discourse, necessarily involves two alternating focuses: communicative events and the order of discourse. The focus for the objective of the study is just the communicative event. Further, Fairclough explained that there are three aspects of any communicative event, i.e. text, discourse practice, and sociocultural practice. And the language instrument analysis will be taken through the systemic functional grammar (Halliday: 1987), especially the labelling (cf. Djatmika and Rarastesa: 2007). They said that the labelling is the tool to see the ideology effectively. Labelling used by the subject accurately indicates the ideology.&lt;br /&gt;The result of analysis is then interpreted critically with Fairclough view, and discussed in terms of theory of power and discourse proposed by Foucault (Power/Knowledge). The source of data is the news and the opinion of the media collected from the Internet. They are all about the issue of woman presidency surrounding the general election in 1998.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Discourse and Power&lt;br /&gt;Hidayat (2004:236) elaborated Foucault’s view on the relation between the discourse and knowledge. The knowledge produce a power as power results in knowledge. The power will only exist by the knowledge, and the knowlodge will never come without power. There is a mutual co-existency among the both. Further, Foucault argues that the power is just negative and repressive (in the form of prohibition and obligation) as formulated in the juridical concpets of power. The power runs in positive and productive way. The implementation of power continuously creates knowledge, and the knowledge goes in time to produce the effects of knowledge. It is impossible the power can be run without knowlede, as it is the case for the knowledge to escape itself from power (Panimbang: 2006, Hasbullah: 2007). Hasbullah (2007) concludes that there is a functional relation between knowledge and power. The power is inclusive in the willing to know.&lt;br /&gt;The perspective is just right with Foucault’s proposition about ’regime of truth’, like what Irvine (2005) implied the truth as an entity in this world can exist after it takes through hurdles, and it is a part of the power’s influence. Truth is related to the circular relation of the power system by which it is produced and defended. The effects of power include and extend the truth. Foucault sees the war and the competition in many disciplines in deciding the knowledge and the turth are just a form of power conflict, and not the scientific debate.&lt;br /&gt;Green (1997) describes that each society has its own truth, the general politics of truth, i.e. the disocurses which accept and make it function to be the truth. Foucault believes that the discourse is the instrument and the effect of power, but discourse is also a hurdle, a contesting point, and the first step of the strategy to resist. Thus, the knowledge and the power constitute the “creation rule” of the truth. The existence and the quality of something in reality is just the product of the construction process in the form of discourses. The effect of the construction process is manifested through the artificial bordering to the discourse.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Discourse on Mega : Ulema’s Verdict on Woman President.&lt;br /&gt;The biggest vote PDI Perjuangan won in the 2008 election did not automatically put Megawati as its candidate to be the president. The flow of religious disscourse countered the first woman candidate, and the flow was larger after her party’s victory, putting Mega in the first list to hold the power. It seemed that she would be the top at the time. As it was diclosed in the media.&lt;br /&gt;seperti kita ketahui bahwa PDI-P yang menang di (kalau tidak salah) 12&lt;br /&gt;Propinsi mengantongi 154 suara dengan asumsi solidnya dukungan PDIP terhadap capresnya sendiri ditambah utusan daerah yang setidaknya dari propinsi yang suaranya didominasi oleh orang orang PDI-P di DPRD tersebut hampir dapat dipastikan bahwa PDI-P akan mendapatkan tambahan 60 suara dari utusan daerah. jadi setidaknya sudah ada 214 suara yang di pegang PDI-P tidak termasuk kemungkinan dukungan oleh PNI SUPENI, PKP dan beberapa partai kecil lainnya serta utusan golongan maupun TNI dengan 39 suaranya.&lt;br /&gt;http://www.library.ohiou.edu/indopubs/1999/08/31/0079.html&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Some opponents, then, made use the fundamental issue to avoid Mega from the top list. The ulema verdict on the prohibition for woman to be a leader of state went fast and wide. The discourse came from the opposition faction in the house of representative. The declaration of the verdict was stated by Hamzah Haz, “Poros Tengah tak mungkin mencalonkan Megawati, karena sesuai fatwa ulama, menolak wanita jadi pemimpin. Ini bukan masalah gender, tapi hanya ingin melaksanakan fatwa ulama. Jangan tuduh kami isu gender dan agama” (http://www.minihub.org/siarlist/msg03314.html). This is obviously a religious claim to the tricks undertaken by a group of people in the representative body, who named themselves Poros Tengah. The statement implied that any person or party going against their stand will violate the God’s rules. History has clearly noted that the manouver is really potent. Megawati, a woman candidate, with the democratic and logical reason to be the president had to go under the blind man whose party was just on the sixth position of the election vote. She was, then, put in the insignificant second position as the compensation gift.&lt;br /&gt;There were three important issues to keep Mega away from the presidency. First, the discourse quoting the verse of Koran saying that the man is to lead the woman, and not otherwise. It is interpreted that the woman has no right to be a chief for man. It is usually lined with the fact that woman cannot be the leader (imam) in the prays. In this logics, then, the woman is prohibited more to be a leader of the country. This is strengthened by the proposition of the prophet (hadist) saying that a country will destroy, if the people give the power to a woman. Mega, then, is impossible to be the president before Islamic rules to which the majority of Indonesian people adhere. It means Mega was just born not to be a president because of her sex. In this religious proposition, any woman in whatever condition cannot be a president.&lt;br /&gt;Besides those two discourses resulting in the same conclusion, another is about the questioning of Megawati’s religion. The point is that it posed if Mega was moslem or not. This is realized in the appearance of her picture in the media showing she practiced a ritual in another religion. The validity of the photograph is of course debatable. This completes a package of discourses to hinder Mega from the president list, despite the fact that she was democratically the most deserved person to be incharged.&lt;br /&gt;The flow of religious proposition against woman president and the doubt of her Islamic religion is a stigmatization. The labelling of “woman must be led by man, and not otherwise” and the association of “woman leader” to “the destruction” are a deviation of reality to make the contraproductive effect to the stand of Mega as the candidate for the presidency. Another negative labelling for Mega is of course the floating idea about the religion Mega holds. The seemingly charge that Mega is not moslem is a real character assassination for her in the country with moslems as the majority. Her moslem supporters may even draw their votes, as they know about the fact. This is just a real blow for Mega, sending to the canvas, if it is boxing fight.&lt;br /&gt;While, the very positive branding is tagged on the discourse creator, Poros Tengah (central axis). With its etymology, the name has wide arrays of positivity. Seen from the background of the constuting parties, the name are just another word for moslem, as stated in the Islamic proposition that moslem is the moderate people (ummatan wasyathan-umat yang berada ditengah diantara dua ekstrim). This is very potential naming regarding to the religioun-related discourses they produce to go against Mega.&lt;br /&gt;This creative terms also implies the condition at the time. Hamzah has declared that “Untuk itu dinamakan sebagai Poros Tengah, yakni mengambil jarak dari kubu yang saat ini tengah bertarung merebut kursi kepresidenan, yakni kubu PDI-P yang mencalonkan Megawati dan partai Golkar yang mencalonkan Habibie sebagai presiden” . The faction is like the moderating brigde to link the two oppossing parties. Again, the brigding function puts this faction in a noble stand. It seems the group just fights for the wisdom and fairness to ensure the smooth run for the country.&lt;br /&gt;The negativizing system targeted to Mega as the strongest candidate for presidency at the time, and the positive label on the issuer of the discourses is not more other than a sort of representation process. The representation is determined by the ideology, for like what Irvine (2005) says that “ideology is …a function of disourse.” What considered right or wrong is just a matter of the underlying interests. Three negative labels associated to Mega at that time seem to be just right. It is like the true reflection of the reality.&lt;br /&gt;In fact, the discources has blurred the truth. It has reduced, violated and deconstructed the realities about the aspects of Mega for the president. The declaration of the proscribed female president is frequently contested by the arguments taken from the same verse by presenting it in a complete version. The verse’s full meaning is in contrast to the clipped version. There is reduction and violation to the true meaning of the verse. The same case is also found in the second discourse where the arguments to resist is by revealing the reason behind the prophet’s proposition. It means the representation done by the discourses has corrupted the reality.&lt;br /&gt;The third issue about Mega’s religion is another corruption. It has deconstructed the true reality. Without some real evidence, the issue has spread and seems to represent the right thing. The later evidences have convincingly proved that Mega is moslem, and this isactually the common belief of the people. However, the emerging of the issue has put the public in doubt—the condition which is then abused effectively by Poros Tengah. Thus, the subject of the discourse is the ultimate judge to determine what’s right or wrong, who’s guilty or freed—the decision here is again about the matters of interests.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Another Face of Reality&lt;br /&gt;The different condision reveals after some time Gus Dur led the country. Those refusing Mega turned sharply and expected her to replace the incumbent leader. Poros Tengah, then, was changed into another label, Poros Penyelamat Bangsa (the Axis of Nation Rescuer). This group once again played the same card to lift Mega into her presidency, and forced Gus Dur to resign because he was regarded to be incapable to manage the government.&lt;br /&gt;The waves of demonstration go to tide preceeded Gus Dur resign. We must still remember how the public smiled and laugh a fool to see their president in shorts went out from his palace to expel the demonstarting student out of his sight. For the public in general, He is a controversioal top figure whose many statements put the public mind in puzzled. Among them is his arguments against MUI’s (Indonesian Ulema Board) verdicts about a prohibited product.&lt;br /&gt;The discourses to promote Mega as the new president are started with the unofficial meeting conducted by the elites of big parties at the time. As it is reported by Irawan (2001) “pernyataan dari motor penggerak Poros Tengah, Amien Rais yang mengatakan bahwa pertemuan silahturahmi itu telah menghasilkan ”unspoken conclusion” (kesimpulan yang tak dikatakan) tentang suksesi kepemimpinan dan mempersiapkan masyarakat untuk menerima bergulirnya suksesi tersebut.” Implicitly, it is obvious that the discussion done by the Poros Tengah and the parts of big parties had concluded that the solution of the problems in the country was to reform the leader. There are many political statements as the legitimatization to force Gus Dur to resign. This paper will only focus on the statement based on the Islamic proposition to support Mega to come into the palace.&lt;br /&gt;The following is the religion-based statement taken in the news issued in www.Indo-News.com. which much quoted the acuses of Amien Rais.&lt;br /&gt;"Saya kira dalam Syariat Islam selalu ada fleksibilitas tetapi yang lebih dari itu, dalam pandangan Islam lelaki atau perempuan sederajat, persis sama," katanya.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"Setahu saya dulu, sebagian ulama PPP memang membuat fatwa seperti itu. Tetapi kata Pak Hamzah Haz sendiri, ulama yang sama telah melihat bahwa ternyata dalam keadaan darurat tidak ada salahnya samasekali,"&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"Jadi kalau ada yang menyatakan perempuan tidak boleh jadi lurah, bupati atau Presiden maka ia menantang nats Al-quran," (www.Indo-News.com)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;There are some significant key words contained in the statements above: fleksibilitas (flexibility), keadaan darurat (emergency state), and menantang Al-qur’an. Flexibility is indeed another facet of some religious rules in Islam, for exaple how the obligation to take a fasting during a month may change by the condition of a subject. The point here is the flexibility is proposed as the instrument of dicourse to win the political card. The flexibility is made use to be in right with their inconsistent stance, and it is even contrasting attitude to the possibility of woman leading a state. The tagging of “flexible” is a positive labelling, which impressed to associate with the religious rules, while in fact it is attached to their inconsistency.&lt;br /&gt;The flexibility is taken into option for a condition which was believed to be an emergency. The state of emergency is again another kind of imbalance representation. The state of ‘emergency’ is actually still under many questions. The labelling of ‘emergency’ to the condition of state at the time is really debatable: is it true to the definition declared in any working documents or laws of the country? In concluding so, what kind of perspectives applies to judge, and who are the subjects behind the view? However, the questionable conclusion then becomes the truth of the reality. The Foucault’s proposition about the regime of truth is obviously proved here. The truth is just a quality which can be reconstructed in any way for the shake of power’s interests.&lt;br /&gt;The third label, to challenge the Koran, or in other words to go agains the Islamic rule which is now associated to the action of prohibiting a woman to be the president is a real paradox to the propositions to refuse Mega at first time. The question is why this knowledge did not come at the time as Mega stepped into her presidency. This is actually just the reduced part of the religious propostion concealed by the Poros Tengah to construct the reality as they wanted. It is actually an unfair and violated representation.&lt;br /&gt;The later positive labelling of woman presidency, Megawati, is not other than a reconstruction of discourse to defend and to resist the power. The discourse here is the point of contestation among the political parties as their political interests perceived to be not well accomodated by the incumbent power. The religious propositions in the grey area become the commodities viable to any recharge and discharge relative to any stand the subject takes. The remodification of the religious rules is to convince that their later tricks are based on the religious as well, that it is not a sinful thing. In other words, the strategy is also another form of the implementation of God’s commands.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Conclusion&lt;br /&gt;Based on the discussion above, the discourse about the woman presidency is actually about the political interests. Poros Tengah, as the agents, made use (abused) the religious propositions to refuse Megawati as the president. Later on, the same agent took other religious proposition to open widely the possibility of woman to be the president. The reconstruction of discourses is to produce the truth about the reality in the form of representation which is selected according to what interest held by the agents. The creation of corrupted truth to be the real truth is aimed at claiming and resisting the power. The agents construct and reconstruct the face of reality to keep their power.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Bibliography&lt;br /&gt;Djatmika, Rarastesa, Zeta. 2007. Penulisan Berita tetang Wanita dan Pria Penjahat. Leksika vol.1, no.1. Pebruari 2007. Purwokerto: FS-UMP..&lt;br /&gt;Fairclough. 1997. Critical Discourse Analysis. London: Longman.&lt;br /&gt;Foucault, Michel. 1980. Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings (Colin Gordon edit.). Sussex: The Harvester Press.&lt;br /&gt;Halliday. 1987. Introduction to Systemic Functional Linguistics. London: Edward Arnolds.&lt;br /&gt;Hidayat, Rachmad. 2004. Ilmu yang Seksis: Feminisme dan Perlawanan Terhadap Teori Sosial Maskulin. Yogyakarta: Penerbit Jendela.&lt;br /&gt;Khak, M. Abdul. 2007. Bahasa Penguasa dan Penguasa Bahasa. Metalingua vol.5. no.1, Desember 2007. Bandung: Balai Bahasa Bandung.&lt;br /&gt;Udasmoro, Wening and Nurwidyohening, Wiwid. 2006. Seksisme dalam Bahasa Perancis: Konstruksi Sosio-Historis dan Politis (Humaniora, Juni 2006). Yogyakarta: FIB, UGM.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Internet Resources&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Irawan, Andi. 2001. Presiden Wanita: Mengapa Tidak (Republika, 17 Maret 2001). http://andiirawan.com/2008/03/20/presiden-wanita-mengapa-tidak/&lt;br /&gt;Kompas. 2001. Amien: Poros Tengah Tulus Mendukung Megawati. Kompas.com. http://www.Indo-News.com/&lt;br /&gt;Panimbang, Fahmi. 2006. Teori Kuasa. www.blogger.com diakses pada 20 Desember 2007.&lt;br /&gt;http://www.library.ohiou.edu/indopubs/1999/08/31/0079.html&lt;br /&gt;(http://www.minihub.org/siarlist/msg03314.html).&lt;br /&gt;(D&amp;amp;R, 1999: 58) http://jurnalis.wordpress.com/1999/08/23/poros-tengah-setelah-pkb-dan-pdip-besanan/&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/1535004738747222244-2350499804699252797?l=leksika-leksika.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://leksika-leksika.blogspot.com/feeds/2350499804699252797/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://leksika-leksika.blogspot.com/2009/01/wax-and-wane-of-indonesian-women.html#comment-form' title='2 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1535004738747222244/posts/default/2350499804699252797'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1535004738747222244/posts/default/2350499804699252797'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://leksika-leksika.blogspot.com/2009/01/wax-and-wane-of-indonesian-women.html' title='Wax and Wane of the Indonesian Women'/><author><name>leksika</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16561735150883024015</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='23' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_sdftwHGT3Uk/SW0-Uv-CT-I/AAAAAAAAAD8/N_A3zsWUws8/S220/image002.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_sdftwHGT3Uk/SWWb9oBTMuI/AAAAAAAAADs/d9XUvhXPgWY/s72-c/guru.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1535004738747222244.post-3246257411148022628</id><published>2008-12-23T01:05:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2009-01-14T17:56:47.909-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Story'/><title type='text'>Story 4</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_sdftwHGT3Uk/SVCqOIBW-xI/AAAAAAAAADk/sQrPALUEr-c/s1600-h/gadis.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5282909522553666322" style="FLOAT: left; MARGIN: 0px 10px 10px 0px; WIDTH: 120px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 80px" alt="" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_sdftwHGT3Uk/SVCqOIBW-xI/AAAAAAAAADk/sQrPALUEr-c/s200/gadis.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;Ummi, Maafkan Emak!*&lt;br /&gt;Khristianto**&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Yu Darni terlihat duduk menyangga dagu di atas lincak, balai-balai bambu di depan rumahnya. Pandangannya kosong tak menghiraukan percikan-percikan air yang terloncat dari aliran hujan yang meluncur dari ujung atap seng rumahnya. Entah apa yang tengah ia nikmati dari hawa dingin yang dibawa hujan dan hembusan angin yang cukup keras menerpa rumah-rumah kecil di ujung desa itu.&lt;br /&gt;“Ummi…!” dengan agak menggumam bibirnya menyebut dan setengah memanggil sebuah nama. Bibirnya masih tetap mengatup.&lt;br /&gt;“Hemmh…Ummmi…” kembali diulanginya panggilan itu kali ini dengan isakan kecil. Dengan perlahan ia bangkit dari duduknya. Dengan kedua tangannya, ia sisingkan jarit kumal yang menutupi tubuh bagian bawah. Ia angkat sampai tepat di atas lututnya. Kakinya agak jinjit, saat ia memasuki deras hujan dan melangkah ke depan halaman. Lurus dan berhenti di depan tanaman perdu yang merupakan pagar pekarangan. Tangan kirinya berpegangan pada perdu, sementara tangan kanan mengais-ngais air yang memenuhi kubangan lubang pembuangan sampah. Sesekali kedua kakinya dimasukan untuk menjangkau lebih dalam. Matanya masih kosong. Bibirnya menyungging senyuman. Kali ini ia bangkit, dan mencari-cari sesuatu. Tengak-tengok sana-sini. Kembali ia tersenyum dan terlihat lega. Ia berlari-lari kecil. Dan sudah tidak menghiraukan lagi jaritnya yang basah kuyup oleh hujan atau dari percikan air kotor saat ia berjalan. Dengan cepat, ia memungut sebilah bambu yang cukup panjang sebesar lengan. Lalu kembali ke kubangan. Agak tergesa, ia mengaduk-aduk air berwarna kuning tanah itu. Terus mengobok-obok lubang sampah yang dipenuhi air hujan itu. Dan sesekali ia menusuk-nusuk dasar kubangan yang mirip sumur kecil itu. Nafasnya terlihat ngos-ngosan. Kecapaian. Matanya kembali kosong. Wajahnya hampa. Menunduk. Jatuh terduduk sambil tetap memegang bambu yang tertancap. Lalu terdengar suara tangisan. Lirih sekali. Kepalanya terangguk-angguk seiring dengan isakan tangisnya. Sementara hujan terus mengguyur makin deras, dan suara bedug maghrib menggema menyadarkan penduduk desa untuk menjalankan kewajiban sebagai hamba.&lt;br /&gt;***&lt;br /&gt;“Kang Mus, apa ini tidak terlalu dalam?” tanya Yu Darni di satu siang.&lt;br /&gt;“Ah…ya enggak Dar, biar awet. Buangan sampah yang kamu injak itu kan baru digali sebulan kemarin,” ujar Kang Mus mencoba membela diri.&lt;br /&gt;“Iya…tapi apa enggak berbahaya untuk anak-anak?” Yu Darni mulai mengungkapkan alasan kekhawatirannya.&lt;br /&gt;“Yaaa enggak to….Toh lubang ini tidak di tengah jalan.”&lt;br /&gt;Perdebatan kedua suami-istri itu berakhir.&lt;br /&gt;“Kang! Aku sarankan lubangnya jangan dibiarkan terbuka seperti itu…Pagari dengan batang ubi kayu …”&lt;br /&gt;“Mbok …wis. Enggak apa-apa. Aman-aman!” Kang Mus tetap keras kepala.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Selepas Asar, Kang Mus, masih memakai peci dan sarung, beridiri di depan lubang galian yang menganga. Tampaknya kang Mus sedang menikmati karyanya yang ia ciptakan hampir penuh setengah hari. Sesekali ia mengukur jarak lubang sampah itu dengan tapak kakinya. Ia berjalan bolak-balik dari halaman rumah batas lalu-lalang orang sampai ke bibir lubang. Ia ingin memastikan tingkat keamanan hasil keringatnya itu.&lt;br /&gt;Dari arah Barat, datang seorang bapak-bapak sebaya dengan Kang Mus.&lt;br /&gt;“Mus…buat apa lubang ini?” tanya orang itu sambil melongok ke dalam galian.&lt;br /&gt;“Eh…Jalil, itu blumbang, tempat buang sampah, kenapa?,” Kang Mus balik bertanya dengan sedikit ketus.&lt;br /&gt;“Wong blumbang kok seperti sumur, buat blumbang itu yang lebar dan jangan terlalu dalam!”&lt;br /&gt;“Lha wong biar awet!”&lt;br /&gt;“Tapi…apa tidak berbahaya?” ujar Jalil.&lt;br /&gt;“Berbahaya kenapa? Toh ini jaraknya cukup jauh dari jalan? Siapa orangnya yang mau jalan terus minggir-minggir ke sini? Kecuali mau kuwalat. Apa mau nabrak pohon-pohon itu?”&lt;br /&gt;Dari dalam rumah, seorang gadis kecil berlari kecil. Kemudian menghampiri Kang Mus. Berpegangan pada lengan kanan bapaknya itu. Kang Mus melihat sebentar pada buah hatinya itu. Mengelus rambutnya yang sepundak. Dan kembali mengambil kuda-kuda untuk memenankan perdebatan kecil itu.&lt;br /&gt;Kang Jalil menyapa sebentar anak tetangganya itu. Lalu kembali mempertahankan pendapatnya.&lt;br /&gt;“Mus…kini aja. Ini cuma saran saja. Sebaiknya jangan biarkan sumur ini….eh…buangan sampah ini terbuka begitu saja. Pagari sebagian dengan pokok kayu ubi. Itu lebih aman. Toh…daunnya bisa dimanfaatkan untuk sayur dan lalap,” Jalil mengakhiri pembicaraan itu, dan meneruskan perjalanannya. Wajahnya tampak sedikit bersungut-sungut.&lt;br /&gt;Kang Mus memang dikenal orang yang keras kepala. Dalam kasus sumur galian sampah ini, Kang Mus tampak selalu pasang kuda-kuda untuk mengantisipasi cemoohan tetangga pada karyanya itu.&lt;br /&gt;Selepas berlalunya Jalil, Kang Mus mengangkat tubuh mungil itu. Menggendongnya. Setelah kembali mengamati, atau pun mengagumi galian yang menganga di depannya, ia melangkah masuk ke rumah.&lt;br /&gt;Dari dalam rumah, terdengar dialog bapak-anak.&lt;br /&gt;“Pak!…Umi main-main di cumul itu, boleh?”&lt;br /&gt;“Sumul? Itu bukan cumul sayang…itu tempat sampah!”&lt;br /&gt;“Umi enggak boleh main di situ. Kotor dan berbb…” Kang Mus menghentikan nasehat itu. Dalam hati, ia merasa ada kebenaran pada apa yang orang-orang katakan.&lt;br /&gt;“Pokoknya …Umi tidak boleh main di sana. Main di lumah saja. Tama Bapak, Emak. …”&lt;br /&gt;“Tama mas ibang, mbak iloh…tama…,” anak manis itu menyebutkan teman-teman mainnya dengan cedal. Kecedalan yang membuat kedua orang tua mereka terhibur dan mengulum senyum.&lt;br /&gt;Mereka sangat bangga dan bersyukur akhirnya mendapatkan anak, setelah tujuh tahun perkawinan mereka. Itupun setelah mereka ke sana, ke mari mencari nasehat dari orang pinter. Konon, kata salah satu orang pinter itu, Yu Darni memang memiliki bakat ‘kurang-subur’, dan bila suatu saat hamil, maka itulah kesempatan emas yang mungkin tidak akan datang dua kali. Lima bulan setelah mereka dari orang pinter sekaligus ustadz tersebut, dan melahap habis segala jenis makanan yang dianjurkan, termasuk sepasang kelinci putih sebagai lambang kesuburan, Yu Darni mulai menunjukkan tanda-tanda kehamilan, dan lahirlah bayi perempuan itu.&lt;br /&gt;Yu Darni terlihat begitu bahagia semenjak itu, karena bisa membuktikan pada Kang Mus bahwa ia adalah perempuan sejati. Begitu juga dengan Kang Mus yang selalu memamerkan bayi mungilnya itu pada tetangga dan handai taulannya. Ia kini tidak lagi menyalahkan perempuan yang dikawininya itu, tidak lagi membanding-bandingkan Yu Darni dengan perempuan-perempuan lain, terutama saudara-saudaranya yang punya anak banyak. Rasanya satu anak perempuan memang sudah cukup untuk memuaskan kebahagiaan mereka. Tidak masalah bila apa yang dikatakan oleh orang pinter itu benar Dan setelah Ummi berusia tiga tahunpun, Yu Darni tidak pernah hamil lagi, meski ia tidak meminum apapun, atau memasang apapun untuk mencegah kehamilan. Mungkin memang benar.&lt;br /&gt;***&lt;br /&gt;Selepas dluhur, Ummi terlihat bermain-main dengan teman-temannya. Mereka bermain rumah-rumahan yang dibentuk dengan tanah. Petak-petak segi empat dianggap sebagai rumah-rumah kecil. Keasyikan mereka terpotong oleh hujan yang turun dengan tiba-tiba. Langit yang awalnya cerah segera tertutup awan pekat. Ummi tetap bermain di tengah hujan, meski teman-temannya sudah berhamburan pulang. Anak kecil itu sayang dengan rumah petaknya itu yang lama-lama hilang tersaput oleh derasnya hujan. Dinding-dinding rumah idamannya mulai hilang di sana-sini. Ia celingukan mencari tanah untuk membangun rumah yang lebih kuat. Ia tersenyum saat menyadari bahwa bapaknya telah menyediakan material yang amat banyak untuk mewujudkannya keinginannya. Gundukan tanah di seberang galian itu menjanjikan rumah-rumahan yang tidak akan kalah oleh air hujan.&lt;br /&gt;Tubuh Yu Darni terlihat makin terguncang oleh tangisnya. Tangisnya berhenti sebentar. Lalu tersenyum yang diikuti tawa keras dan lepas. Sementara hujan masih terus mengguyur. Dan malam terus mempererat pelukannya pada hari dengan kegelapan. Kesedihan Yu Darni atas kematian anaknya diperparah dengan kemarahan Kang Mus yang menyalahkan dirinya yang tertidur lelap ketika blumbang itu melahap anak manusia. Tampaknya keluarga Kang Mus pun mengamini hal itu. Sampai akhirnya, Kang Mus pun meninggalkannya. Menceraikan istrinya yang tidak mungkin hamil lagi. Yu Darni kini tidak punya siapa-siapa. Tangisan terenyuh kembali terdengar dari mulut perempuan yang tadi tertawa terbahak-bahak. Sementara tangan dan kakinya terus mencari-cari tangan kecil yang menggapai.&lt;br /&gt;* Dimuat di harian Radar Banyumas (Radarmas Purwokerto)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;** Pengajar di Fakultas Sastra, UMP Purwokerto&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/1535004738747222244-3246257411148022628?l=leksika-leksika.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://leksika-leksika.blogspot.com/feeds/3246257411148022628/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://leksika-leksika.blogspot.com/2008/12/story-4.html#comment-form' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1535004738747222244/posts/default/3246257411148022628'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1535004738747222244/posts/default/3246257411148022628'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://leksika-leksika.blogspot.com/2008/12/story-4.html' title='Story 4'/><author><name>leksika</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16561735150883024015</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='23' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_sdftwHGT3Uk/SW0-Uv-CT-I/AAAAAAAAAD8/N_A3zsWUws8/S220/image002.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_sdftwHGT3Uk/SVCqOIBW-xI/AAAAAAAAADk/sQrPALUEr-c/s72-c/gadis.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1535004738747222244.post-6760960831821873588</id><published>2008-12-23T00:59:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2009-01-14T17:56:47.909-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Story'/><title type='text'>Story 3</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_sdftwHGT3Uk/SVCo1jXtuxI/AAAAAAAAADc/GYM38Az8mvY/s1600-h/elang.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5282908000886831890" style="FLOAT: right; MARGIN: 0px 0px 10px 10px; WIDTH: 150px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 110px" alt="" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_sdftwHGT3Uk/SVCo1jXtuxI/AAAAAAAAADc/GYM38Az8mvY/s200/elang.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;Sayap, Dewi Fortuna dan Ajeng&lt;br /&gt;Shindu VH&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Malam hening. Aku gagap. Aku merasa sangat bersalah. Salah yang rasanya tak mungkin terampuni. Dosa yang amat besar. Aku telah ceroboh memainkan sebuah hati yang lembut. Selembut sutera. Aku tak ingin lembaran itu robek sedikitpun. Aku tidak ingin rona-rona di wajahnya hilang. Ingin tetap mempertahankan itu. Kupejamkan mata. Lama sekali. Hehhmmm. Berat sekali pilihan hidup ini. Atau hati ini yang terlalu lemah.&lt;br /&gt;Sayup...sayup dari kamar di belakangku lagu “Kasih Tak Sampai” Padi makin membuat hati tambah merasa berdosa. “Jeng...Maafkan aku! Aku sungguh tidak bisa melepaskan rajutan jala yang ditebarkan Ibu Dewi. Hutang budiku terlampau menumpuk untuk dibalas hanya dengan terima kasih,” ujarku mencoba meminta pengertian Ajeng.&lt;br /&gt;“Enggak bisa...!” makin keras sesenggukkannya.&lt;br /&gt;Aku makin membenamkan wajah tirusnya ke dadaku, takut terdengar oleh teman-teman kosnya. Tangan Ajeng makin erat merangkul pinggangku. Ia betul-betul tidak bisa menerim alasanku. Aku pun menangis. Mengecup bagian atas kepalanya yang menunduk. “Maafkan aku Jeng....aku betul-betul tidak punya pilihan....Maafff,” makin kuat dekapanku. Air mataku pun membasahi kerudung putihnya. Sungguh aku pun tidak ingin kehilangan sosok ini. Lima tahun bukan waktu yang singkat. Benih cinta yang dulu kutabur telah mengakar kuat di kalbu ini. Juga di hati Ajeng, aku tahu itu. Tapi...ehmmm. “Allah...,” bisikku dalam hati. “Kuatkan hati kami.”&lt;br /&gt;***&lt;br /&gt;Lulus SMA, aku pun ragu apakah akan melanjutkan sekolah atau tidak. Aku sadar Bapak cuma seorang pedagang kecil. Ia harus keliling ratusan kilometer untuk menjajakan dagangannya. Setiap hari begitu untuk menghidupi kami. Sebuah keluarga besar dengan kelima saudaraku. Apalagi aku adalah anak tertua. Aku tidak bisa egois menuntut Bapak untuk mendukung sekolahku. Sekalipun aku menuntut, apa yang bisa dilakukan Bapak. Emak pun sejak aku SMP sudah mewanti-wanti agar mimpi sekolahku jangan terlalu melambung. “Sar...lihat ke belakangmu...Bapak, adik-adikmu, dan Emakmu ini!” pesan ini selalu diulang-ulang Emak setiap kali aku menyampaikan keinginanku untuk terbang tinggi. Ya...aku ingin seperti Mas Candra putranya Wak Haji, atau Mbak Kinasih putri Mbah Manten. Mereka sekarang jadi pegawai.&lt;br /&gt;:Lain Emak, lain Bapak. Bapak malah membuat aku terus bermimpi. Dialah yang mendorong-dorong, atau bahkan terlalu memaksakan, aku untuk melanjutkan ke SMA. “Le...sayang kalo’ kau hanya lulus SMP thok. Eman-eman ijazahmu itu,” Bapak mulai memasang jurusnya. “Lha wong Lik Karto saja mau membayar satu juta agar si Doli bisa sekolah di SMA itu...” aku pun mulai terpancing. “Koe khan tinggal bledheng, langsung masuk...aku tidak perlu salam tempel.” Memang benar apa yang dikatakannya. Banyak teman-temanku yang terpaksa sekolah jauh, karena tidak diterima di sekolah negeri terdekat. Berbeda dengan anak-anak orang kaya, termasuk Lik Karto yang juragan beras itu, mereka tidak bisa memberikan uang ekstra yang dipatok sekolah bagi para pemain cadangan yang pengin dapat kursi. Berbagai alasan disampaikan pihak sekolah untuk memperoleh dana tambahan dari orang tua yang anaknya kurang pinter. Untuk beli bangkulah, sumbangan pembangunan, tambahan untuk membangun lab komputer, bahkan ada yang beralasan untuk beli kulkas kantor. “Wis Le...sekolah saja! Biar aku, bapakmu ini, pulang agak sore untuk nyari sangu.”&lt;br /&gt;Kalimat itu menjadi awal kenapa aku sekarang duduk di semester akhir. Meskipun tidak mudah untuk hidup jauh dari rumah dengan orang tua yang tidak lagi dapat diharapkan kirimannya. Aku pun menyadari itu sejak aku berpamitan dengan keluarga. “Pak, Mak...besok aku berangkat ke Solo,” ujarku pada dua jiwa yang paling berharga yang termangu di hadapanku. Emak tampak mulai melelehkan air mata. Bapak memandangku dan tetap tersenyum memberiku spirit untuk terus mengepakkan sayap. Indukku percaya sepenuhnya, aku pasti bisa terbang. “Sar...saatnya dirimu terbang sekarang, aku dan Emakmu di sini akan terus mengalunkan restu dan doa...biar resiko apapun bisa kau hadapi,” kata-kata Bapak membuatku betul-betul ingin terbang. “Ketika terpaksa kau jatuh. Berhenti sekejap, ambil napas, kumpulkan tenaga, dan jangan lupa doa pada Sang Perkasa, Dialah yang menentukan jangkauan terbangmu.” Kata-kata Bapak itu berakhir bersamaan dengan kepakan sayapku.&lt;br /&gt;***&lt;br /&gt;Ini mungkin bentuk jatuh dari terbangku. Sayapku terasa patah satu. Aku hampir menyerah untuk terbang kembali. “Bapak...alunkan doamu sekarang....sayapku tidak bisa lagi terbang,” bisiku di sela-sela doa tengah malam. Cobaan ini begitu berat. Sudah satu minggu, aku pontang-panting untuk mendapatkan pinjaman untuk membayar daftar-ulang. Besok adalah hari terakhir. Malam itu aku tidak tidur. Aku berdoa dan terus berpikir. Rasanya semua jalan sudah coba kutempuh. Semua arah sudah coba ku jangkau ....tapi aku tetap belum bisa melepaskan diri dari jeratan ini. Terbangku terasa terbentur dalam ruang tertutup. Gelap dan mengerikan. Haruskah aku gagal sekarang?&lt;br /&gt;Dengan langkah canggung, aku menghadap Bu Dewi, Kabag Keuangan. Aku bertekad untuk terus terang. “Terus kapan kamu bisa bayar itu?” agak lega sudah mendengar pertanyaan itu. Sayapku sedikit kukepakkan. “Tidak tahu Bu, nanti pokoknya kalo’ ada rezeki pasti langsung aku bayarkan!” Bu Dewi memandangku dan tampak tengah berpikir. Dahi tuanya tampak berkerenyit dan pena itu terus diketuk-ketukkan ke meja. “Begini saja, kamu bayar pakai uangku dulu. Tapi ingat...janjimu itu harus kau tepati!” Aku langsung membumbung. Sayap-sayapku terasa begitu perkasa. “Terima kasih, Bu!” aku bersalaman dan ku cium tangannya seiring bisikan syukur di kalbu.&lt;br /&gt;Semenjak itu, aku akrab dengan kelurga Bu Dewi—yang sering kugumamkan sebagai Dewi Fortunaku. Ku kenal semua anak-anak sampai pembantunya. Hutangku akhirnya terbayar hanya dengan mengeles Budi, putranya yang masih duduk di SMP. Aku sering sekali mendapatkan nasehat darinya. Ia sudah tidak beda dengan Bapak dan Emak.&lt;br /&gt;***&lt;br /&gt;Aku makin keras mengepakkan sayap dengan kehadiran Ajeng dalam kehidupanku. Pertemuan tak sengaja di sebuah forum akhirnya mengantarkan berkembangnya makna cinta yang sebelumnya tidak pernah aku bayangkan. Kehidupanku yang cukup keras membuat aku tidak ingin memikirkan hal lain. Aku tidak ingin mimpiku buyar hanya masalah sepele. Selama ini, jenis aktivitas kehidupan semacam itu memang kuanggap sepele. Hanya membuang waktu. Tapi wajah tirus itu telah membalikkan pandanganku. Matanya selalu menjanjikan harapan. Itulah alasan pertama aku memutuskan untuk mengajaknya bersama-sama terbang, melintasi kehidupan, dan menyelami bayu yang kadang lembut dan sering keras menerpa.&lt;br /&gt;***&lt;br /&gt;Ku duduk terpaku di samping tubuhnya yang tampak begitu lemah. Sesekali ku pijat-pijat tapak kakinya. Berusaha menguatkan hatinya. “Allah...sembuhkan Dewi Fortunaku ini,” doa-doa itu terus liris kubisikkan dalam hati. Jantungnya yang memang sudah lemah itu tidak dapat menahan luapan emosinya. Hatinya guncang dan tidak bisa menerima kenyataan pahit. Pahit sekali bagi hati putih yang terlampau tulus. Aku juga sempat bertanya mengapa dia yang harus menerima cobaan itu. Laras, putri sulungnya, tanpa terduga telah hamil tiga bulan. Sementara, kekasihnya saat ini tengah melanjutkan studinya di Hardvard. Ibu Dewi benar-benar shock, dan langsung lunglai, tergolek di rumah sakit. Beginikah bentuk cobaan sosok yang begitu agung. Kapal besar, badai besar.&lt;br /&gt;“Mas Sar! Mas Sar! Tuh dipanggil Ibu!,” suara Budi langsung membuatku terbangun dari dudukku. Aku langsung melangkah ke kamar No 2 di ruang paviliun itu. Hanya ada Bu Dewi. Tampaknya ada sesuatu yang khusus.&lt;br /&gt;“Sar, kau tahu kan masalah yang dihadapi keluarga kami sekarang.....Kami sudah berpikir mencari jalan terbaik. Dan...akhirnya tertumpu pada belas kasihmu, ketulusanmu, uluran tanganmu...untuk menunda kami dari kubangan masalah ini.”&lt;br /&gt;Terperanjat, aku diam dan tanpa berpikir Aku langsung mengangguk meski lemah.&lt;br /&gt;***&lt;br /&gt;“Sartono Sarjana Kedokteran,” namaku dipanggil untuk masuk ke barisan para wisudawan. Aku mendekap tangan Ajeng, dan mengangguk pada Bapak dan Emak. “Bapak....Emak kuambilkan hadiahku untuk kalian. Bapak...mimpi yang kukejar dengan sayap yang kau berikan kini teraih. Ini berkat do’a Bapak dan Emak.” Betikan-betikan hati itu mengiringiku bangkit berdiri. Aku berbalik ke balkon belakang, tersenyum pada Bu Dewi, Laras dan Mas Herdi, suaminya. Mereka tersenyum dan mengangguk. Aku melangkah dengan setetes air mata haru di sudut kelopak. Tampak horison biru dunia, sementara aku terus mengepakkan sayapku. Menikmati terpaan bayu.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dukuhwaluh, puasa hari ke-8 Oktober 2004&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/1535004738747222244-6760960831821873588?l=leksika-leksika.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://leksika-leksika.blogspot.com/feeds/6760960831821873588/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://leksika-leksika.blogspot.com/2008/12/story-3.html#comment-form' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1535004738747222244/posts/default/6760960831821873588'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1535004738747222244/posts/default/6760960831821873588'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://leksika-leksika.blogspot.com/2008/12/story-3.html' title='Story 3'/><author><name>leksika</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16561735150883024015</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='23' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_sdftwHGT3Uk/SW0-Uv-CT-I/AAAAAAAAAD8/N_A3zsWUws8/S220/image002.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_sdftwHGT3Uk/SVCo1jXtuxI/AAAAAAAAADc/GYM38Az8mvY/s72-c/elang.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1535004738747222244.post-2475081797064749705</id><published>2008-12-23T00:53:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2009-01-14T17:56:47.910-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Story'/><title type='text'>Story 2</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_sdftwHGT3Uk/SVCoPIznI2I/AAAAAAAAADU/tUftFujPqSU/s1600-h/guru.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5282907340921054050" style="FLOAT: left; MARGIN: 0px 10px 10px 0px; WIDTH: 123px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 139px" alt="" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_sdftwHGT3Uk/SVCoPIznI2I/AAAAAAAAADU/tUftFujPqSU/s200/guru.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="center"&gt;DIRMAN: Takdir Manusia&lt;br /&gt;Khristianto&lt;br /&gt;Sudah lama aku termangu. Menatap kosong ke horison timur. Semakin nyata gelagat sang hari menutup sesi kehidupan ini. Kupegang gelondong besi jembatan yang mulai terlihat rapuh. Kutekan kuat-kuat. Untuk melepaskan berat beban kehidupan yang kini kutanggung. Berat? Tak ada lagi yang harus kutanggung. Hanya diri ini. Ah…ini hanya hiburku. Karena anak-anakku mestinya hari ini masih berhak atas jerih payahku. Mereka masih pantas untuk diperhatikan dan dipenuhi segala apa yang diinginkan. Sekuat yang aku bisa. Wajar kan. Itu memang tugas seorang ayah. Seorang kepala keluarga. Siapa itu? Aku. Dirman. Sejak tadi dialog-dialog itu mengalir dalam pikiranku yang kosong. Melompong tanpa isi. Karena apa yang menjadi harapan-harapanku tampaknya tak mungkin menjadi nyata. Kerapuhan jiwaku dalam melihat dunia seakan membuat jangkau pandangku sempit. Tiada berruang. Sesak tiada kelegaan. Ah…dosa apa aku Tuhan? Inikah kehidupan sempit yang sering dinasehatkan sebagai balasan orang-orang seperti aku?&lt;br /&gt;Kegelapan sudah mengelilingiku, ketika aku memutuskan pulang. Pulang? Bukankah pulang artinya kembali ke rumah. Apa yang sekarang kau tempati ini rumahmu? Bukan. Yach tepatnya bukan pulang. Sudah hampir tiga bulan ini, aku menjadi tanggungan Yu Lastri. Kakak perempuanku. Dia tidak kaya. Hanya cukup. Atau dicukup-cukupkan. Saat ini aku hanya punya dia. Saudara yang masih mau menerimaku. Walaupun awalnya dia juga menyampaikan kalo ia tidak enak dengan Mas Pardi. "Ya….sudah. kalo’ mau tinggal di sini,” akhirnya ia terpaksa memahami keadaanku. “Tapi…Le kamu harus menerima apa adanya. Mbak Yumu ini punya apa?” Aku senang dengan sifat ngemongnya.&lt;br /&gt;“Lho…darimana Dir?”, Sapa MasPardi.&lt;br /&gt;“Biasa! Jembatan Layang,” Jawabku singkat. Aku ingin mengakhiri kontak dengan kakak iparku. Tak ingin lama-lama berhadapan dengan orang yang paling aku pekewuhi di rumah ini. Pengertian Mas Pardilah yang sebenarnya membuat Yu Lastri akhirnya membolehkan aku tinggal di rumahnya. Bagaimanapun Mas Pardi adalah kepala keluarga, dan Yu Lastri hanya tidak mau kalo-kalo suaminya itu tidak ridlo padanya. “Hah, seandainya jodohku dulu, orang seperti Yu Lastri ini….mungkin akan beda ceritanya.”&lt;br /&gt;“Itu makanannya sudah disiapkan. Aku sudah makan tadi. Soalnya keburu lapar,” tawarnya dengan nada begitu tulus. Tidak dibuat-buat. Keluwesan Mas Pardi seperti inilah yang makin menenggelamkan aku dalam lubang kerikuhan. Rikuh dan malu. Seberapapun ikhlasnya dia menerimaku, aku tetap tidak boleh lama-lama tinggal di sini. Entah kemana, pokoknya menemukan tempat baru dan tidak menjadi tanggungan orang lain. “Lebih baik mati aja Dir, kalo’ kamu sebagai seorang laki-laki tidak bisa menjaga martabatmu,” ujar Bapak dulu, yang selalu mengulang-ulang tentang pentingnya martabat dalam kehidupan. “Seperti serdadu Jepang itu. Mereka lebih baik mati ketika harus menyerah pada sekutu. Martabat. Inilah yang mereka junjung tinggi. Sebagai satria.”&lt;br /&gt;Selepas salat Maghrib, aku makan. Sesekali aku melihat ke pintu tengah yang memisahkan meja tempat aku makan dengan ruang depan. Aku selalu makan dengan jingkat-jingkut. Kikuk. Yach…tidak pernah bisa lepas saat makan. Setiap suapan selalu diiringi ketidakenakan posisku sebagai penumpang. Jengah. Untungnya, di rumah sering sepi. Yu Lastri yang sudah hampir 34 tahun menikah dan tidak dikaruniai momongan. Kalau sekarang konon kandungannya sudah kering.&lt;br /&gt;***&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sebagai kepala sekolah SD. Di desa. Aku sangat bangga. Begitupun keluargaku. Si Mbok sangat memanjakanku. Sampai aku tua. Akulah anaknya yang dipandang paling berhasil. Menjadi Bapak Guru. Bahkan sempat dipercaya menjadi kepala BP3 di SMP. Hebat sekali aku. Waktu itu. Entah apa dosaku…hingga aku bisa seperti ini. Suara jengkerik makin melengking mengiringi pikiranku yang mulai melayang. Terlepas dari raga.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Matahari sudah tinggi, ketika tersentak bangun oleh suara gedoran di pintu senthong. DER! DER! DER! DER! DER! Aku gelagapan. Menarik sarungku yang melorot. Duduk. Dan terengah. “BANGUN! Orang kok kerjanya tidur. Apa enggak malu Dir!” Aku bisu. Kerjap-kerjap. Ku geleng-gelengkan kepalaku yang masih menyisakan kantuk.&lt;br /&gt;“DIRMAN!! Mana martabat yang dulu kau sebut-sebut itu?”&lt;br /&gt;“Mana?” “Ini martabat? Martabat sontoloyo!” “Mana serdadu Jepang?”&lt;br /&gt;“Bapak tidak lebih dari benalu! Parasit!” Ocehan Barep menerpa bak mortir menghunjam ke seluruh bagian tubuhku. Tiada yang lolos. Semuanya mengenai sasarannya. Kulihat yang paling parah adalah peluru yang menancap dalam hati. Hatiku remuk redam. Tercacah peluru-peluru tajam. Rasanya aku sudah mati. Aku segera jadi bangkai. Busuk dan menebarkan bau.&lt;br /&gt;Selepas kelelahan menyergap. Barep duduk. Agak terengah. Mungkin agak menyesali kelakuannya itu. Sementara, aku berkemas dan ngeloyor pergi. Yu Lastri hanya menangis kebingungan. Menubrukku untuk menenangkan. Kulepaskan tangannya perlahan. “Maafkan aku Yu! Mas!” Terasa ada air mata yang menggelayut di kelopak. Tapi tak kuhiraukan. Nasehat Mas Pardi yang menghiba tidak mampu lagi menahan tekadku untuk pergi entah kemana. Pergi adalah satu-satunya kata yang ada dalam pikiranku. Aku agak berlari mempercepat langkahku. Aku tidak mau lama-lama menjadi tontonan orang.&lt;br /&gt;****&lt;br /&gt;Malam menebarkan pekat ke setiap sudut yang kupandang, saat tubuhku terasa melayang di udara. Angin malam begitu kencang menimpa tubuhku yang kering. Aku berdiri di atas jalan layang. Kendaraan tampak bersliweran di bawah sana. Aku menatap jauh ke gedung-gedung tinggi di sekelilingku. Haruskah mereka menjadi saksi kelemahan manusia ini. Hati ini terasa tertutup. Tak menemukan tempat untuk berlari. Dunia begitu sempit. Meski sekedar untuk menyandarkan tubuh kurus ini. Napasku terasa sesak. Dada ini terasa begitu ciut. Lenganku makin geram meremas pagar besi jembatan. Ku meloncat berulang-ulang. Sambil terus menimbang. Memang aku tak punya pilihan.&lt;br /&gt;***&lt;br /&gt;Aku tercekat. Bingung saat petugas bank menagih hutang yang belum terbayar. Entah aku gunakan untuk apa uang itu. Aku hanya ingin kebutuhan anak-anakku terpenuhi. Aku juga ingin selalu membuat istriku selalu dalam keadaan bahagia. Dan melayaniku dengan senyum lekat di bibirnya. Selain itu, aku juga ingin selalu menjadi seseorang yang pantas dibanggakan siapapun. Keluarga. Tetangga. Kolega. dan bahkan warga desa.&lt;br /&gt;Kebutuhan segalanya terpenuhi. Aku punya tanah yang cukup luas. Sekarang aku tidak perlu menunggu lama untuk berangkat ke kantor. Ada kendaraan. Anak-anakku bisa sekolah. Bahkan si Barep bisa kuliah di kota pelajar. Satu kebahagiaan yang jarang bisa ditemukan oleh sebuah keluarga di desa kecil. Rasanya inilah…yang dimaksud dengan martabat oleh bapak dulu. Berjuang untuk kehormatan diri dan keluarga. Ini tugas lelaki. Kubisikkan pada bapak, “anak lanangmu sudah jadi serdadu sekarang.” Serdadu yang menang. Yach… MENANG.&lt;br /&gt;Segala cara aku tempuh untuk menutupi kebutuhan keluarga. Hutang sana-sini. Ada yang terbayar, sebagian lain baru separo. Bahkan hutang pada adikku, yang hanya buruh tani, belum terbayar hingga kini. Sampai akhirnya, aku menyikat iuran BP3 yang mestinya ku serahkan pada Mas Soleh, bendahara SMP, tempat anakku yang ketiga bersekolah.&lt;br /&gt;Semenjak itu, Sinta tidak mau lagi berangkat sekolah. Dia merasa malu. Berita tentang pemecatanku dari kepala BP3 yang tercium oleh para siswa membuahkan ejekan-ejekan yang bertubi. Baik dari para guru maupun teman-temannya. Kebanggan pada ayahnya lenyap seketika, berganti benci. Kebencian yang menyentuh langit. Begitupun dengan keluargaku, yang tersisih dari pergaulan tetangga. Hari ke hari selalu menjadi bahan pergunjingan bapak-bapak yang nongkong di pinggir jalan, atau ibu-ibu yang duduk di teras rumah sambil petan., mencari kutu rambut.&lt;br /&gt;****&lt;br /&gt;Aku sempat ragu dengan apa yang aku lakukan. Aku takut neraka. Kisahku akan membebani perjalanan hidup mereka. Hingga mungkin ke cicitku. Jangan-jangan ini menjadi bakat baru dalam tradisi keluarga. Atau mungkin ada mbah buyutku atau mbah-mbah buyutku yang terlebih dahulu mencetuskannya hingga terasa ada impuls yang begitu kuat mendorongku. Bingung? Hakekatnya kamu sekarang sudah mati bersama martabat yang sudah hilang dari dirimu. Iya kan.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;***&lt;br /&gt;“Benar Pak Dirman ingin mengajukan pensiun sedini ini?”Aku mengangguk. Aku tak punya jalan lain. “Bapak tolong pikirkan matang-matang sebelum mengambil keputusan yang amat penting ini,” dengan bijak para teman guru menasehatiku. Akhirnya, tepat satu minggu sebelum Barep diwisuda, aku dipensiunkan atas usulanku sendiri. Sebagai satu-satunya cara untuk melunasi utangku dan biaya penyelesaian kuliah anak kebangganku itu.&lt;br /&gt;Kebahagiaan di rumahku atas Barep yang sudah sarjana tidak berlangsung lama. Senyuman istriku dari hari ke hari makin dipaksakan. Dan hilang. Sungkeman Barep yang diungkapkan sebagai rasa terima kasih pada ayahnya pun mulai tiada sisa. Ia mulai resah dengan pekerjaan yang harus ia dapatkan. Ingin kerja? Duit lagi. Dan bahkan tidak sedikit. Adik-adik Barep pun kelabakan. Mereka kini mulai ingin keluar dari sekolah. SPP mereka tidak terbayar. Mereka malu.&lt;br /&gt;Kini keluargaku melampiaskan nasib mereka pada keputusan yang aku ambil. Salah langkah. Harus makan dengan apa sekarang. Teman-temanku pun sudah terlihat bosan dengan masalah-masalah yang sering aku ceritakan pada mereka. Saudara-saudaraku tidak lagi mempercayaiku untuk memberikan sedikit pinjaman sebagai penyangga kehidupan kami. Mereka semakin tidak percaya dengan posisiku yang sudah tidak punya apapun yang diandalkan. Dengan apa kau membayar utangmu.&lt;br /&gt;Des! Des! Brak! Aku terjerembab ke kursi panjang. Bibir dan pelipis terasa perih. Dan perutku mual. Hantaman dan tendangan Barep mengakhiri perang mulut diantara kami. Ia stress berat setelah sekian lama bingung dengan apa ia mendapatkan kerja.Kembali ia mendekati menarika kerah bajuku yang lusuh. Tapi Emaknya dengan berteriak menarik pinggang Barep. Sudah! Rep! Nyebut! Nyebut! Barep ngeloyor keluar rumah dengan mata masih merah dan mendelik.&lt;br /&gt;Bayangan-bayangan masa lalu itu secara kilat memenuhi otakku. Memenuhi kesadaranku. Mata merah dan mendelik itu menjadi kenangan terakhir yang mengiringi jatuhnya tubuhku yang mendarat di atas aspal. Dan teriakan-teriakan Barep, MARTABAT! PARASIT! SERDADU JEPANG! Terngiang keras di telingaku. Bibirku sempat tersenyum dan bergumam …sssatriakh…akhhhh…egkh. Jiwaku melayang di atas dua kendaraan yang sempat menggencet tubuhku. Kepalaku terlihat remuk dengan otaknya muncrat. Tangan dan kakiku patah. Tulang punggungku redam. Jiwaku terbang bersama kumandang adzan Isya yang membuatku menangis. Menyesal.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;*Mengajar di Fakultas Sastra Universitas Muhammadiyah purwokerto&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/1535004738747222244-2475081797064749705?l=leksika-leksika.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://leksika-leksika.blogspot.com/feeds/2475081797064749705/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://leksika-leksika.blogspot.com/2008/12/story-2.html#comment-form' title='1 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1535004738747222244/posts/default/2475081797064749705'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1535004738747222244/posts/default/2475081797064749705'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://leksika-leksika.blogspot.com/2008/12/story-2.html' title='Story 2'/><author><name>leksika</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16561735150883024015</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='23' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_sdftwHGT3Uk/SW0-Uv-CT-I/AAAAAAAAAD8/N_A3zsWUws8/S220/image002.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_sdftwHGT3Uk/SVCoPIznI2I/AAAAAAAAADU/tUftFujPqSU/s72-c/guru.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1535004738747222244.post-539835929691884783</id><published>2008-12-14T17:07:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2009-02-02T18:05:21.167-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Article'/><title type='text'>Stigmatisasi Sosial dalam Masyarakat Tradisional</title><content type='html'>It reminds me &lt;em&gt;Lastri&lt;/em&gt; a film failed to produce for the social pressure induced by some radical faction in the area in which the movie will be set. It is actually just a romance story occuring in a 'forbidden' period of communism. This set leads the faction to conclude that the movie supports the ideology of the period. And it just goes like the new order precedences of throwing away everything suspected to relate with communism.&lt;br /&gt;What I try to presume here is the mode of traditional society in marginalizing an individual regarded to be the public enemy or "the axis of common jealousy"-the latter will be more appropriate to the phenomenon. The individual in the special axis is usually the one who have a better life than the common people, or the individual with the wealth. The man with such a fortune will be labelled to have a special worshiping to the evil spirit or satan. They usually called it&lt;em&gt;, nyupang. &lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In time, this labelling is then strengthened by the stories about some magical and mysitical appearances of devils and ghosts. Or someone said that the rich couple practice any ritual to worship the devil, for example in the midnight, the couple was seen wandering around the neigbourhood in nude. In another, there was an incidence that a young man was chased by the satan of the rich. Then, all the calamity will be related to the actions which was rumoured to be done by the individual of the axis.&lt;br /&gt;The belief then becomes the truth for the society. The family of the rich is the victim of the stigmatization--particulary the child. The parents usually warn their children not to play with any family of the rich, not to recieve anything given by them, otherwise, the evil spirit will take them away to dead.&lt;br /&gt;The truth reveals as I grew up. I talked with the victim. He really didn't do anything wrong to the society. What he did to earn is just to be professional. He said that he had a business at the time.It was so lucrative, that in not very long time, he got much profit, and bought some lands in the village. this was followed by the construction of new big house in the strategic location. This real evidence of fortune seems to trigger jealousy, which finally implied in the production of unreal discourse. This black campaign spread so fast, maintained and strengthened by the same feeling of envy shared by the majority. So, it is the way it is...&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/1535004738747222244-539835929691884783?l=leksika-leksika.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://leksika-leksika.blogspot.com/feeds/539835929691884783/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://leksika-leksika.blogspot.com/2008/12/stigmatisasi-sosial-dalam-masyarakat.html#comment-form' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1535004738747222244/posts/default/539835929691884783'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1535004738747222244/posts/default/539835929691884783'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://leksika-leksika.blogspot.com/2008/12/stigmatisasi-sosial-dalam-masyarakat.html' title='Stigmatisasi Sosial dalam Masyarakat Tradisional'/><author><name>leksika</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16561735150883024015</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='23' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_sdftwHGT3Uk/SW0-Uv-CT-I/AAAAAAAAAD8/N_A3zsWUws8/S220/image002.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1535004738747222244.post-4462078083778351993</id><published>2008-12-11T02:22:00.001-08:00</published><updated>2009-01-14T17:56:02.117-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Abstract'/><title type='text'>Abstrak-Penerjemahan Al-Qur'an (Indonesia Vs Melayu)</title><content type='html'>&lt;span style="color:#cc0000;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color:#cc0000;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Al-Qur’an&lt;/strong&gt; merupakan sumber rujukan suci bagi komunitas muslim di dunia termasuk mereka yang menggunakan bahasa Indonesia dan bahasa Melayu. Dari penelitian sebelumnya, penterjemahan Al-Qur’an ke Bahasa Indonesia memperlihatkan berbagai kekakuan dalam hal kebahasaan. Padahal kekakuan seperti itu cenderung mengurangi keterbacaan sebuah teks, dengan demikian mengganggu pemahaman pembaca sasaran, yakni pemeluk Agama Islam Indonesia, yang ingin memahami firman Allah tersebut. Kemudian timbul pertanyaan apakah kekuan yang sama juga ditemukan dalam Al-Qur’an versi Melayu sebagai bahasa kerabat Bahasa Indonesia?Kajian ini bermaksud membedah penterjemahan Al-Qur’an dalam bahasa Melayu, yang akan dibandingkan dengan versi bahasa Indonesia, dengan mengacu pada hasil kajian sebelumnya. Penulis hanya akan berfokus pada redudansi dan ketidaktepatan urutan kata. Apakah terjemahan versi Melayu juga menunjukkan fenomena serupa atau sebaliknya dan apakah ciri bahasa yang tidak natural merupakan hal yang lazim dalam penterjemahan kitab suci. Dengan kata lain, ketidakalamiahan terjemahan itu merupakan bentuk penjagaan nilai-nilai kesucian kalimat-kalimat Tuhan, dan bukan sekedar sebuah khilaf dalam melakukan tugas penterjemahan.        Kata Kunci: Penerjemahan, Kekakuan, Otoritatif &lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/1535004738747222244-4462078083778351993?l=leksika-leksika.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://leksika-leksika.blogspot.com/feeds/4462078083778351993/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://leksika-leksika.blogspot.com/2008/12/abstrak-penerjemahan-al-quran-indonesia.html#comment-form' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1535004738747222244/posts/default/4462078083778351993'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1535004738747222244/posts/default/4462078083778351993'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://leksika-leksika.blogspot.com/2008/12/abstrak-penerjemahan-al-quran-indonesia.html' title='Abstrak-Penerjemahan Al-Qur&apos;an (Indonesia Vs Melayu)'/><author><name>leksika</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16561735150883024015</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='23' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_sdftwHGT3Uk/SW0-Uv-CT-I/AAAAAAAAAD8/N_A3zsWUws8/S220/image002.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1535004738747222244.post-987170890600848177</id><published>2008-12-10T23:55:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2009-01-14T17:53:42.129-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Article'/><title type='text'>Quoted Article-Semiotics of Fashion</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_sdftwHGT3Uk/SUDIGyNpayI/AAAAAAAAABs/_mlv0c5UwyI/s1600-h/semiotics.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5278438782162004770" style="FLOAT: left; MARGIN: 0px 10px 10px 0px; WIDTH: 93px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 124px" alt="" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_sdftwHGT3Uk/SUDIGyNpayI/AAAAAAAAABs/_mlv0c5UwyI/s200/semiotics.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;The Counterfeit Body: Fashion Photography and the Deceptions of Femininity, Sexuality, Authenticity and Self in the 1950s, 60s and 70s&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;Fashion Photography as Semiotics: Barthes and the Limitations of Classification&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.mongabay.com/tina.htm"&gt;Tina Butler&lt;/a&gt;, mongabay.comMay 9, 2005&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Semiotics, the system of signs asserting meaning by way of language and image, proves to be enormously relevant and valuable when looking at fashion photography as a means of communication. Fashion photography speaks both the reality and illusion of garments and of bodies, and in deconstructing how these elements are organized and presented, a new language and system emerges from the photographic work. Roland Barthes places fashion photography within a semiological framework, applying semiotic structure and rationale to the genre as a system of communication for symbols and signs present within any given image. As fashion photography is positioned within this theoretical schema of meanings, Barthes attempts to contextualize photographs with elements of this framework. Ultimately, his actions in reconfiguring and positioning the genre end in failure, at his own admission, however the process of his analysis is revealing and insightful nonetheless. Fashion speaks a distinct language, whether in the form of a photograph, an individual's personal dress or a passing trend. This language, in turn, emblematizes the essence of its social context. Retrospectively, fashion photography constitutes a historical document that offers us evidence of the practices and ideals of a given period. However, fashion photography is not merely a passive reflection of a period; it serves as a vehicle for circulating new patterns of consumption tied to evolving notions of the self (Radner 128). Further, the images of the form speak the essence of the time. As scholars such as Walter Benjamin, Mary Douglas and Barthes have noted and reinforced, fashion operates as a language, functioning on numerous levels and fashion photography is the medium through which this language is spoken because of its tremendous capacity for mass reproduction and dissemination. Clothing, like any commodity form, is a mode of communication. Douglas notes in her text, The World of Goods, "man needs goods for communicating with others and for making sense of what is going on around him. The two needs are but one, for communication can only be formed in a structured system of meanings" (95). For fashion, clothes speak the identity of the wearer and images of such individuals prompt or provoke discourses about culture and society on the greatest scale. In Caroline Evans's essay "Yesterday's Emblems &amp;amp; Tomorrow's Commodities: The Return in Fashion Imagery Today," the author references many of the ideas and themes present in Barthes's work. In describing the contemporary position and the form it takes in an economic framework, Evans uses semiotic terminology to construct her argument, asserting that the garment now circulates in a contemporary economy as part of a network of signs, where the actual garment is a sign itself. From its existence primarily as an object, the fashion commodity has evolved into a mutant form with the capacity to insert itself into a wider network of signs, operating simultaneously in many registers. Whereas it used to exist as, for example, a dress, which preceded its single representation in the form of an advertisement or fashion photo, it is now frequently disembodied and deterritorialized. As such, it can proliferate in many more forms, within a larger network of relations. (96) Garments, through the lens of fashion photography, have come to mean more than just their function. Operating within this network of symbolic language and meaning, fashion photography has come to speak a more profound and diverse reality. Fashion's inherent dynamism and pervasiveness highlights its continued relevance beyond a purely aesthetic and decorative function. Supporting this statement of fashion's greater purpose and role in culture, Finkelstein notes how Barthes retains a metaphor of the semiotic system, however Barthes recognizes the fluidity and ambiguities inherent in the structure of fashionable appearance that force its codes to remain open-ended (25). Davis also references this more transient quality of the medium, writing, For other things being equal and regardless of the ‘message' a new fashion sends, merely to be ‘in fashion' is to be one up on those who are not as yet. From this perspective, assumed by Barthes, all fashion, irrespective of the symbolic content that animates one or another manifestation of it, gravitates toward ‘designification' or the destruction of meaning. That it is to say, because it feeds on itself (on its ability to induce others to follow the fashion ‘regardless') it soon neutralizes or sterilizes whatever significance its signifiers had before becoming objects of fashion. (72) Fashion's almost parasitic behavior maintains its problematic position and character of contradiction. Barnard notes that Barthes wrote, "Fashion is both too serious and too frivolous at the same time" (94). Exploring the fashion system in his seminal text by the same name, Barthes embarks on an in-depth semiotic analysis of the codes, subtexts and languages of dress and the self and attempts to reconcile the schism within the form, in terms of its opposing and divergent qualities. He gives fashion a stature, naming it "the dream of identity" (254) and dedicates much time to the nature of fashion in culture and the meanings it communicates. Baudrillard later concurs in the characterization that fashion is elemental of the ‘dream world,' constituting in part, "a dimension of reality constructed from images" (Finkelstein 81). Barthes seems at odds with his study of the language of fashion and quickly becomes entangled in his deconstruction. Barnard writes of Barthes's attempt, Anyone who has been tempted to look into The Fashion System will be aware that it is not the easiest reading. Moreover, it must be admitted at the outset that the work has been almost universally written off, even by Barthes himself, as a semiological disaster. (92) The text remains largely impenetrable and convoluted and offers proof of fashion's complexity. Even Barthes, engaging in an in-depth analysis of fashion as a semiotic system, struggles with the inherent contradictions of the form. This difficulty highlights the non-simplistic quality of the form, and refutes the previous dismissals of scholars against it. The one thing that is made clear is that fashion possesses the capacity to communicate, speak a specific language. What remains unclear is what exactly is said or meant by it. Barthes, and later, the postmodern theorist, Jean Baudrillard, seem to be alternately "bemused and outraged by fashion's alleged displacement in the modern era of ‘the real' (Davis 195). In his examination, Barthes focuses on the written fashion text rather than the real garment or its pictorial representation. He maintains, "written clothing is unencumbered by any parasitic function and entails no vague temporality" (Entwistle 68). This mode of fashion is the most accessible to him and yet, still he fails. Barthes writes specifically of fashion photography in The Fashion System, Increasingly, the magazine substitutes a garment-in-action for the inert presentation of the signifier…Actually, and this is what is strangest about Fashion Photography, it is the woman who is "in-action," not the garment; by a curious, entirely unreal distortion, the woman is caught at the climax of a movement, but the garment she wears remains motionless. (302) This stasis, this state bereft of movement, feeling and reality has transferred to the present conditions of fashion photography. Like the garments in these images, modern creativity seems to be frozen in time. The only movement that exists occurs in current photographers' increasingly desperate stabs at presenting something new, however this manifests as its opposite. Fashion photography today resembles either cartoons or recycled and feeble clichés of prior photographic styles, modes, and conventions.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Fashion photography, with its far-reaching historical scope, possesses and incorporates elements of both modernity and postmodernity. Linking fashion's simultaneously modern and postmodern elements seems to be a somewhat contradictory act, yet Jameson reconciles this gap created from relating different periods, suggesting, "modernist styles…become postmodern codes" (Barnard 163). Barnard continues, "What modernity recognized as characterized styles, postmodernity sees an endless parade of difference, [and] ‘irrational eclecticism'" (Ibid.). Theorists Frederic Jameson and Jean Baudrillard offer two of the most directed and in-depth examinations of the genre and fashion more generally with postmodernist representations with theorists' adaptation and application of their ideas. Fashion's innate contradictions render it the most perfect and imperfect element in the postmodern schema. Fashion is about expressing individuality and perpetuating conformity, timelessness and obsolescence, form and function. Like the medium itself, discourse pertaining specifically to fashion is conflicted and often contradictory. Finkelstein suggests that the contradictions specific to fashion photography are the reasons the form warrants study. When [Jameson] characterizes the modern sensibility as archetypally schizoid because of its powers to compress and to make sense of contradictory images and distorted temporal frames, he could be describing the contemporary fashion habitué. The contradictions expressed through fashion seem to parallel the disturbances, disjunctions and conflicts found in the everyday world. Jameson's modern individual harbors an anarchic, fragmented and protean self, which makes the pursuit of fashion seem a reasonable and potentially satisfying impulse. (3,4) Jameson's viewpoint and analysis of the genre as interpreted by the author gives its study a kind of merit and credence. Fashion's contradictions are reconciled, at least in theory, by their relationship and similarities to the fractured and sense of dispersal within the postmodern self and existence. As postmodern entities, fashion and fashion photography have license to oppose themselves. Returning to the topic of opposition, Finkelstein further emphasizes fashion's contradictory elements and synchs them with culture, writing, Fashion is often considered one of those social forces which keeps us ever attentive to the present in one of the worst possible ways, that is, as a source of novelty, distraction and self-absorption. Fashion, and this is in relation to material terms, such as clothing as well as ideas and practices—seems to be about individuality, about standing out in the crowd. It seems to be about change, the constant unraveling of the new and the display of the inventive. But often its effect is the reverse: it maintains the status quo and encourages conformity and uniformity. On closer examination, fashion is about turbulence and creating a sense of movement without pointing in any direction. (4,5) In addition to fashion's supposed frivolity, wasteful impermanence, and fixation on wealth, the fact that it lacks a real fixed and definable point of origin, renders its study even more difficult. In this absence, fashion creates one for itself by borrowing from history. Pastiche and appropriation ironically give the form meaning by removing the original meaning from taking elements out of context. The residual meaning from the appropriated object or circumstance carries over. Fashion creates its own history, one more dedicated to decoration than chronology, blind to context and grounded meaning. A. Rosen cited in Nathalie Khan's essay, "Catwalk Politics," supports this notion and highlights yet another one of fashion photography's caustic contradictions, writing, Art is all about permanency and fashion is all about the moment. Perhaps the art world's fascination with fashion is a recognition of fashion's ability to address everyday influence instead of the obsession with the heroics of creating history. (116) And yet, fashion is indeed obsessed with grounding itself within a sense of history, while at the same time, the form undermines itself with its non-linear or chronological sampling of past styles. Here, fashion assumes its classic transient characterization. Khan takes a more direct and concrete position on the shortcomings of the influence and inability to secure and establish a profound sense of historicity, writing,&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;If fashion can do little more than reflect upon that which is current, it simply confirms that any message it purports to forward will remain without meaning. Fashion can therefore only promote a particular set of values if those values reflect current trends. Constituted thus, fashion can reflect, but it cannot renew society. And if the fickle nature of fashion prevents it from creating history, then why should one see its message as being of cultural or social significance?" (Ibid.). For fashion, history becomes fetish, a mere record to track trends and extract them at necessary intervals. This displacing quality of fashion photography at once justifies and recognizes history and its importance by referencing it, while at the same time, denying it with the removal of certain aesthetics from their contexts and placement in an entirely unrelated mode. Trends rarely emerge out of necessity or circumstance in the contemporary era. Fashion photography lays claim to history by plundering and refashioning elements of it as ambivalent and uninformed types of decoration for the body. The form creates a sense of nostalgia for styles now present that are completely divorced from their roots. Where fashion lacks an authentic history, it instead has a locating quality of modernity. As a person's particular dress signals the properties of their own distinct personal taste and identity and as "individuality seems synonymous with modernity," fashion, individuality and modernity are all inextricably linked (Finkelstein 37). Rebecca Arnold recognizes this compensatory maneuver by fashion to create some kind of foundation for itself, even though ultimately, this is achieved through pastiche and appropriation. She writes in her book, Fashion, Desire and Anxiety: Image and Morality in the 20th Century, Under the rubric of modernity, the emphasis given to individualism has become constitutive of all social practices. Fashion is implicated in these practices because [pastiche has become] a major motif; designers [are] increasingly looking to the past for inspiration, not just for styles, but also for references to, for example, to Hollywood icons, to provide their collections with instantly recognizable glamour. (107) The relationship between fashion and film and referentiality is presented here as less than symbiotic. This same practice of gleaning style inspiration from the past has long been present in fashion advertising. Editorial spreads serve as nostalgic stages for recreating famous scenes from classic films or for models to pose as certain notable and prized personas from history. Fashion feeds on grounded and static images for material, and yet seeks to create a quality of perpetual transformation and reinvention. The industry operates on constant visual instability and alteration, amid essentially rampant derivation. Fashion's unsteadiness that manifests in fashion photography complements society's nature of what is at once the spectacle in transition, and at the same time, a traditional framework stuck on repeat. Bruzzi and Gibson address some of fashion's additional discordant prejudices, writing, Part of the perceived problem of fashion has been that academics in particular have not always known with what tone to approach and write about it—it's too trivial to theorize, too serious to ignore…fashion's fundamental dilemma is that it has inevitably been predicated upon change, obsolescence, adornment and, in the so-called First World, it has been inextricably bound up with the commercial; this has led to the assumption that it is therefore superficial, narcissistic and wasteful. (2) Fiona Anderson further supports this viewpoint, asserting in her essay, "Museums as Fashion Media," "Fashion is surely the fastest changing source of new ideas in contemporary visual culture" (372). Adorno asserts, "Fashion enthrones itself as something lasting and thus sacrifices the dignity of fashion, its transience" (121 Davis). All of these elements that speak opposites about the same form contribute to the case for fashion photography being a postmodern embodiment. Fashion's innate contradictions render its validation for study more difficult. Gibson, writing in 2000, discusses the difficulties of presenting her case of fashion being an area worthy of academic pursuit, claiming that fashion has only been established as a serious academic discipline and as an important area of theoretical debate in the last decade. The reasons she lists for this case include, [The] centuries-old belief in the essential frivolity of fashion, reinforced by the puritanism of many on the left, for whom fashion is the most obvious and…objectionable form of commodity fetishism, and the conviction of the majority of second –wave feminists that fashion is an arena in which women…display themselves in order to gratify male desire. (36) Further supporting the general consensus of previous academics against viewing fashion as a serious element of culture, Noel McLaughlin writes in his essay, "Rock, Fashion and Performativity," "[There] has been a reticence to consider the significance and pleasures of costume" (264). The general sense of uneasiness and unsteadiness that pervades fashion and fashion photography only serves to further reveal the forms as truly postmodern entities. They are conflicting and messy collages of history and experience. Arnold re-emphasizes the disparate quality of fashion, writing, "Fashion is inherently contradictory, revealing both out desires and anxieties and constantly pushing at the boundaries of acceptability" (xiv.). Even while looking at fashion through the lens of postmodernism, Baudrillard remains a harsh critic of fashion and its effects on the simultaneous blanching and corrupting of culture and societal mores. Crediting fashion with being wasteful and futile, he writes, as quoted by Entwistle, [Fashion] fabricates the ‘beautiful' on the basis of a radical denial of beauty, by reducing beauty to the logical equivalent of ugliness. It can impose the most eccentric, dysfunctional, ridiculous traits as eminently distinctive. This is where it triumphs—imposing and legitimating the irrational according to a logic deeper than that of rationality. (61) Part of his hostility toward the medium seems to stem from his positioning of fashion as an independent entity; Baudrillard differs from other theorists on the topic of fashion with his removal of fashion from the social sphere. He claims that fashion stands on its own, distinct from social influence, and perpetuates and recycles its own values, standards and styles, while infecting society with its own impure influence. While many have argued the opposite, that particular fashions indeed reflect values, beliefs, attitudes and aspirations of the social landscape in direct ways, Baudrillard maintains his minority position. According to Finkelstein, he argues that fashion does not mirror its social context, and rather, "[it] speculates on the recurrence of forms on the basis of their death and stockpiling, like signs in an a-temporal reserve. Fashion cobbles together, from one year to the next, what "has been," exercising an enormous combinatory freedom" (33). Baudrillard's assertions are a hard sell given the amount and convincing nature of evidence pointing the other way. Finkelstein, for example, wisely declares, "Fashion is a mode of social exchange and, like other social discourses, its function is ultimately to maintain cultural continuity" (66). She may not credit fashion with creativity per se, but Finkelstein does name it as having an active exchange with culture. Returning to Baudrillard, he seems to later contradict himself, compromising his already isolating and insulated viewpoint. He writes, Fashion represents what can least be explained: actually, the obligation that it presents of a renewal of signs, its continual production of apparently arbitrary meaning, its thrusting of meaning, the logical mystery of its cycle in reality—these all represent the essence of social moment. (Ibid.) In this statement, Baudrillard links fashion inextricably to society. Weakening his initial debasement of fashion as an area unworthy of scholarly focus is his own lingering focus on the topic. Further still, he emphasizes the importance of the possession of aesthetic objects, in which fashion must be included. Relating fashion's ultimately commercial and thus economic properties and function, Baudrillard recognizes the conflation of the origin versus the effects of fashion. It is a business enterprise with a visual and decorative manifestation. Seeing a continuity, ‘between the urge to consume and the disappointment of possession…. Baudrillard understands the desire to extract aesthetic satisfactions from everyday life since, without such pleasures, it can be a grinding monotony. (Finkelstein 75). He writes, "objects, and the needs that they imply, exist precisely in order to resolve the anguish of not knowing what one wants" (Ibid. 100). While the very essence of fashion and the practice of keeping with it, seems to defy logic, the necessity of this irrationality is overpowering and ultimately deeper than pure visual fetish of fashion objects. It is about constructing and presenting an idealized identity to society. Fashion, through fashion photography, speaks a version of a social reality that cannot be denied. There is a dual exchange at work as fashion photography reinvents and reinvigorates the elements and directions of culture. Functioning as a mirror, Khan notes that in late 20th century fashion, the wider social landscape is reflected in the styles and trends of specific periods. Fashion's relationship with society is undeniable. With this in mind, the question must be posed: is fashion and its medium of representation a ravager or benefactor or culture (Davis 194)? Davis claims fashion's influence on culture cannot be disputed, but inquires whether or not its impression has been formative or destructive. He asserts, "Typically, fashion is charged with furthering the superficial and spurious while undermining the substantial and genuine. (The role of villain in this baleful plot is usually assigned to the mass media, TV in particular)" (Ibid.). This statement is a clear nod to back to Adorno and his critique of the culture industry and the modes of mass reproduction and distribution. Fashion, through the lens of photography, has shown remarkable diversity and innovation in the formative years of style and popularity. However in the most recently passed decades, photographic construction and modes have become far too derivative of the previously defined periods to be deemed new, original or provocative. Fashion, thus, has become increasingly irrelevant in all arenas, and postmodern in the worst sense.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Taken from&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://news.mongabay.com/2005/0507c-tina_butler.html"&gt;http://news.mongabay.com/2005/0507c-tina_butler.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;12/11/2008&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/1535004738747222244-987170890600848177?l=leksika-leksika.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://leksika-leksika.blogspot.com/feeds/987170890600848177/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://leksika-leksika.blogspot.com/2008/12/quoted-article-semiotics-of-fashion.html#comment-form' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1535004738747222244/posts/default/987170890600848177'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1535004738747222244/posts/default/987170890600848177'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://leksika-leksika.blogspot.com/2008/12/quoted-article-semiotics-of-fashion.html' title='Quoted Article-Semiotics of Fashion'/><author><name>leksika</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16561735150883024015</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='23' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_sdftwHGT3Uk/SW0-Uv-CT-I/AAAAAAAAAD8/N_A3zsWUws8/S220/image002.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_sdftwHGT3Uk/SUDIGyNpayI/AAAAAAAAABs/_mlv0c5UwyI/s72-c/semiotics.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1535004738747222244.post-475363932651030836</id><published>2008-12-10T23:30:00.001-08:00</published><updated>2009-01-14T17:53:42.130-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Article'/><title type='text'>Artikel-Child's Suffering in Oliver Twist</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_sdftwHGT3Uk/SUDBqyEghuI/AAAAAAAAABk/zfOW0YHC43Q/s1600-h/a.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5278431704017569506" style="FLOAT: left; MARGIN: 0px 10px 10px 0px; WIDTH: 110px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 156px" alt="" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_sdftwHGT3Uk/SUDBqyEghuI/AAAAAAAAABk/zfOW0YHC43Q/s200/a.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="color:#009900;"&gt;The Harshness of New Industrial System in Charles Dickens’ Oliver Twist&lt;br /&gt;Widya Nirmalawati&lt;br /&gt;Muhammadiyah University of Purwokerto&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Introduction&lt;br /&gt;In the Mid Victorian era, England sat on top of the world, and there were many reasons for it (Mc Kay, et al, 1983:766). One of which is the awareness of science and technology, which made England have enormous lead overall countries in the development of industry. This condition, as well changed England not only in science and technology but also in social relations, economics, and even in political institutions. A new group of industrial capitalist and the workers arose. As a result, the poor get poorer. There is no doubt that Industrial Revolution brought riches and power to Great Britain. At the same time, it also brought great evils with it (Seaman, 1954:51). Many social problems are endemic i.e. poverty, crime, and personal demoralization.&lt;br /&gt;He further explains that the evils of the factory system also gave miseries to their house conditions. It is said that the houses in which the new factory hands lived were built very quickly and very cheaply. The result of this was the disfigurement of huge areas of the north of England by rows and rows of crowded, badly built and unhealthy dwellings, not all of which have disappeared even yet.&lt;br /&gt;Literature is also said to be influenced by these chaotic conditions. It is said that literature in the Victorian Age was characterized by a definite purpose to sweep away error and to reveal the underlying truth of human life (Moody, 1943:295). One of the novel as stated by Hawkins (2001) describes the passage describing London, especially the miserably poor part of London in the 1830-s is Charles Dickens’ Oliver Twist. Lloyd (1959:118) confirms that anyone who reads Oliver Twist will see something of the worst side of industrial development.&lt;br /&gt;Considering the historical background and the work of Charles Dickens’ Oliver Twist, this study attempts to discuss the social cultural conditions of the poor caused by the harshness of the new industrial development. As additional information, briefly, this paper describes the consequences of new industrial which took the poor further away from a world in which they were comfortable and brought them into the conditions which were almost too complex to solve.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Social Problems Caused by the New Industrial System&lt;br /&gt;Industrial Revolution, indeed, brings England both wealth and power. However, it also brings many consequences in the life of the society. In short, the industrial system has already changed the structure of society. It created new social relation and problems as seen in the rise of a new group of factory owners and industrial capitalist. Mc Kay, et al (1983:782) stated that the condition of English workers in Industrial Revolution has always generated the most controversy among historians since England was the first country to industrialize and because social consequences seem harshest there. As factories grew larger, the rich got richer. On the other hand, the condition of workers got worse.&lt;br /&gt;This condition was understandable since most profit had to go back in the business for new and better machinery. As a result, the workers got very small wages that led them to live in poverty. The poor, who were mostly exile from village and could not find a job, had to force themselves in any possible way with the all the capacity they possessed to keep themselves and the families away from dying of starvation. Then, becoming beggars and pick pockets was their solution to stay alive. Poverty had led them to be criminals. In brief, criminals were the product of poverty and hunger. Towns and cities became more crowded and filthier than before. Due to these, parents who could not support their families, put their children in the local orphanages. In these orphanages, parents were expected that their children would be taken care with sufficient food.&lt;br /&gt;However, in fact, these orphanages only gave them suffering rather than comfort. They were exploited and maltreated by the master of the orphanages. Their condition got even worse when they were sent to factories to be laborers. They were given very little pay and often badly treated and terribly overworked in the mills (Mc Kay, et al, 1983:761). For this issue, Mc Kay confirms that people were reluctant to work in factories; this because factory owners turned to young children as a source to labor partly because they could employ them for very little pay. Moreover, exploitation of child labor in factories, gas work, shipyards, shoe makers, construction, chimney sweeping was taken as a business. Here is a part of a dialogue with Mr. John Moss, a governor of the workhouse (Tierney, et al, 1967:179-182):&lt;br /&gt;What were the hours of work? -From five o’clock in the morning till eight at night.&lt;br /&gt;Were fifteen hours in the day the regular hours of work? -Those were their regular hours of work.&lt;br /&gt;Was that regular time all the year through? -Yes&lt;br /&gt;It is clearly that the poor and abandoned children were the exact objects for the factory owners to gain more profit. From the text above, cruel exploitation upon abandoned children at that time was absolutely bad: hours were long, wages low, bad working conditions. The impact of this exploitation towards children cannot be avoided, especially to the children’s health since the bony system was still imperfect.&lt;br /&gt;Gaskell (2001) further shows how miserable the children life was.&lt;br /&gt;Factory labour is a species of work, in some respects singularly unfitted for children. Cooped up in heated atmosphere, debarred the necessary exercise, remaining in one position for a series of hours, one set or system of muscles alone called into activity, it cannot be wondered at, that its effects are injurious to the physical growth of a child.&lt;br /&gt;William Blake in Mc Kay, et al, (1983:782) called the early factories “Satanic Mills” and protested against the hard life of the destruction of the rural way of life and the pollution of the land and water. Friederich Engels also criticizes,” I Charge the English middle classes with mass murder, wholesale robbery, and all other crimes in calendar” (Handerson and Chaloner, 1968:xxiii).&lt;br /&gt;The depictions above have shown that Industrial Revolution indeed not only brought England both wealth and power but the evil of the factory system also gave the long run consequences that cannot be ignored on the lives of the society. The transition to an industrial economy has exacted a cruel price in terms of human suffering upon a great number of people.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Poverty as Reflected in Charles Dicken’s Oliver Twist&lt;br /&gt;From the very beginning, Charles Dickens brings his readers to a world stricken by poverty since the poor are in the worst possible condition of poverty. One of the main factors is over population in cities caused by the urbanization. It is because their own villages became the victims of industrialization. With the faint hope of finding jobs in big factories they exiled to big cities. The effect of new urban settlement was overpopulation that created social unrest. It creates not only hunger but also a multiple social problems. In Oliver Twist, Dickens reflects poverty in England especially in London as an impact of the Industrial Revolution. The aspects discuss mainly deals with the situation in town related to the problem of housing, health, clothing, hunger and orphanage.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Housing A house is one of the human basic needs. It is not only the place to live in but also a place for the protection against the climate. Furthermore, a nice atmosphere of the house, indirectly, influences the personality of people who live in it. Normally, people who live in a house with a pleasant atmosphere have a good personality, although there are exceptions to the rule. A house is also very important to create the feeling of security and harmony in the family. For poor people since they cannot afford to buy a good house, they only rent a cheap, old and sometimes a decaying one (p.35).&lt;br /&gt;These conditions are unavoidable because the factories where people work only gave them very small wages. Those who did not have a job build a den which did, of course, not deserve to be called as a house in which they live did not support a feeling of security and harmony of the inhabitants. Dickens even describes those dens in an extremely awfully condition. Moreover, he refers to them as filthy kennel so that it is questionable whether their inhabitants could maintain proper health, “The kennel was stagnant and filthy. The very rats, which were here and there lay putrefying in its rottenness, were hideous with famine” ( p.35).&lt;br /&gt;What a tragic case it was, the poor built houses in an unhealthy environment of slum and filth area where rats lay here and there. They forced themselves to live in such a condition since a house at least could protect them against the harsh climate in wintertime when it is extremely cold. Dickens illustrated this novel that it was piercing cold and the atmosphere was gloomy and black (p.156). It was winter, but the poor did not have proper house to live in. In contrast, the rich people stayed in a big warm house with a beautiful fireplace in it.&lt;br /&gt;Bleak, dark, and piercing cold, it was a night for the well-housed and fed to draw round the bright fire and thank God they were at home; and for the homeless, starving wretch to lay him down and die (p.165).&lt;br /&gt;Here, Dickens brings his readers to see the real condition of the poor people, which is undebatably in an awfully condition. He wants to show that poor people were indeed in a very bad condition. They lived in absolutely poverty and lived in filth as they could not fulfill one of the basic needs to acquire a proper house.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Hunger. Food is necessitated to keep human being alive, especially those who live in areas with four climates. In winter time people must have sufficient food to keep them warm, without which they will miserable. Dickens captures this condition into his novel where they live in hunger with the extreme worst condition of dying from starvation (p.36). From the portrayal above, we can see that huger causes death if it was not met by good response. In a trying time like that children were sent to orphanage, since their parents could not support them any longer. In fact, rather being fat they were cruelly mistreated and starved to death. Cruel mistreatment of children in the orphanage seems to be prevalent during those days, and Dickens even shows instances of this.&lt;br /&gt;Oliver Twist and his companions suffered the tortures of slow starvation for three months: at last they got so voracious and wild wit hunger …that unless he had another basin of gruel per diem, he was afraid he might some night happen to eat the boy who slept next him. (p.12)&lt;br /&gt;A small bowl of gruel is good for children who are dieting, meanwhile, when children are in the growing period, it is normal when they have an excellent appetite to support their growth. They were totally desperate with hunger until they were afraid of eating each other if hey were not given some more food. What a gruesome impact of hunger it is, when the children become beasts rather than human if they are extremely hungry.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Clothing. Another human’s basic need is clothing, which should be fulfilled by al human beings. It is not only for covering the body, but also protects the body against the climate. However, to those who live under the poverty line, the old and torn ones are supposed to be enough. As long as it can cover their body, it is considered to be sufficient for them. Even the poor infants, in this case Oliver, an old yellow rag was prepared and wrapped around Oliver when he was just born in the workhouse.&lt;br /&gt;What an excellent example of the power of dress, young Oliver Twist was! Wrapped in the blanket which had hitherto formed his only covering…that he was enveloped in the old calico robes which had grown yellow in the same service. (p.3)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A newly born-infant, indeed, needs a warm comfortable clothing since he still cannot adapt himself to the weather directly. But what had happened to the infant in the orphanage, an old blanket which had turned to yellow is all he had.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Health. So far the discussion has been focused on poverty because the condition of poor people in England especially poor children at that time was thoroughly bad. The cause that may be directly connected with their bad conditions is that they did not have enough money to support themselves and their family. This is reflected in their house, meal and clothing which were far below the standards. All of these, of course, affected their health condition especially those who had inadequate food.&lt;br /&gt;The child was pale and thin; his cheeks were sunken; and his eyes large and bright. The scanty parish dress, the livery of his misery hung loosely on his feeble body; and his young limbs had wasted away, like those of an old man. (p.121)&lt;br /&gt;Here, Dickens described Dick, a friend of Oliver in the workhouse where they were beaten and starved by the workhouse master, a s an example of poor children’s condition at that time. He shows that insufficient food made them lose weight and became very pale. The more so, they lived in slum which became an additional threat to health. Many diseases are endemic, but mostly they are connected with the problem of hunger. These conditions run to extreme when poor people mostly die because of starvation. “I say she was starved to death. I never know how bad she was, till fever come upon her; and then her bones were starting through the skin. There was neither fire nor candle; she died in the dark!-in the dark! (p.36)”&lt;br /&gt;That she died in the dark indicates the very poor condition of the house in which there is no ventilation, and such a house is not adequate to support health. Bad housing with its poor facilities- bathing, toilets, kitchen, and also ventilation, creates many diseases, take for instance, skin disease, tuberculosis, etc. From the fact above, it can be concluded that inadequate food and poor housing with its poor facilities are direct factors that are hazardous for health.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Orphanage. It cannot be avoided that the prevalence of poverty will produce many social problems: housing, health, starvation, education and crime. It is because poor people or the immigrants themselves are badly prepared for the new way of life related to the newly developed industrial system. Unemployment and street children become rampant. One solution to this problem can be achieved by providing social care, such as workhouses and orphanages for the poor and abandoned children who used to be street children. This social care also helps the government to control the poor. Kaste (1965:8) further stated:&lt;br /&gt;A new concept was adopted to deal with the vexing issue of pauperism. The Poor Law of 1834 provided that all able-bodied paupers must reside in workhouse. This plan was successful from one standpoint, for within three years the cost of poor relief was reduced by over one-third.&lt;br /&gt;However, this concept was taking them away from a world in which they were comfortable, since this system brings them into starvation, instead. This is illustrated by Dickens when the inmates of the workhouse became the victim of the Poor Law. They were suffering from hunger since they only got only smallest portion of food from Mrs. Mann the matron of the workhouse. She was the of the opinion that providing the children with the smallest portion of the weakest possible food (p.5) was the best policy in handling the children, whereas she regarded herself as needing the biggest portion of food.&lt;br /&gt;Following Mrs. Mann’s system, Dickens considers that the inmates of the workhouse become the victims of social injustice because he sees corruption deliberately done by Mrs. Mann. She let poor orphan suffer from hunger, on the other hand she lived in prosperity. Dickens then mocked her in his ironical statement that the elderly female was a woman of wisdom and experience; she knew what was good for herself. The unfortunate orphans not only suffered from hunger but they were also exploited by the workhouse authorities. They should work for the workhouse and receive only seven pence-halfpenny per small head per weak (p.4).&lt;br /&gt;…that Oliver should be ‘farmed’, or, in other words, that he should dispatched to a branch-workhouse some three miles off, where twenty or thirty other juvenile offenders against the poor-laws, rolled about the floor al day, without the inconvenience of too much food or too much clothing, under the parental superintendence of an elderly female, who received the culprits at and for the consideration of seven pence-halfpenny per small head per week. (p.4)&lt;br /&gt;From the quotation above, it can be seen that the poor orphans in orphanages were cruelly maltreated. They were forced to work with very low wages, less food and clothes. They were absolutely exploited. Dickens then, shows this exploitation and puts them into his novel. He, indirectly, wants to promote reform and simultaneously eliminate the abuses and malpractices in the orphanages. The orphanages which were at first intended to help the poor children, in practice they were used by the administrator of the workhouse where they committed corruption.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Various Life Attitudes of People at that Time&lt;br /&gt;Long standing starvation and social injustice towards the poor led them to every possible way in order to protect themselves and their family away from starvation. These impoverishing conditions forced the slum inhabitants to become beggars. In the meantime, they had to satisfy their basic need i.e. to have food to keep themselves and their families alive by begging, they were sent to prison.” I begged for her in the streets; and they sent me in the prison. When I came back, she was dying; and all the blood in my heart dried up, for they starved to death (p.36). He then illustrates the ironical situation as Oliver and his friends’ companions suffered the tortures and slow starvation. On the contrary, the workhouse were fat and healthy (p.12) when the donation was actually intended for the orphans and not for the masters.&lt;br /&gt;This indicates that the master had sufficient food although hunger was a major threat for the orphans. It clearly shows that poverty, in effect, degrades someone’s moral and makes one lose his sense of humanity. While other desperate of fulfilling their need, the rich are busy of fulfilling their greed. From this standpoint, it becomes clear how poverty affects society very badly, even the rich ones since naturally men carry two different sides: good and bad. When an unpleasant thing comes over them, mostly they intend to do the bad things. It means that the bad side is more dominant than the good ones. This also make one become apathetic about other suffering. They will do anything to survive from hunger. Even becoming criminals is another solution for them.&lt;br /&gt;The viler consequences of this is when the poor are out of the necessity and become acquainted with crime, and the worst is that when they really become criminal and join an organization for the criminals which in modern term is called: a Mafia. Later, in Oliver Twist, Dickens also described that at that time gangs of criminals was so widespread. There was one notorious gang of criminals which was led by Fagin. To the poor and abandoned children Fagin was a Godfather. This was felt by one of his member, Jack Dawkins or The Artful dodger as he offered Oliver to join Fagin’s gang. He told Oliver that Fagin would provide free lodging for the homeless especially poor children.&lt;br /&gt;‘I’ve got to be in London to-night; and I know a’ specable old genelman as lives there, wot’ll give you lodgings for nothink, and never ask for the change- that is, if any genelman, he knows interduces you. (p.54) “Offering you something for nothing and never ask for change” (p.54)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;are generally, the Mafia’s most effective reasons to exploit and create a good image to the poor for they are homeless and powerless. Dickens also gives a vivid portrayal that poverty, indeed, robbed her childhood and youth. He describes Nancy, one of Fagin’s members, she exploited by Fagin, since she was child. Fagin also made her old in the experience of evil in the underworld criminal which is, of course, a tragic existence for the unfortunate girl, “It is my living; and the cold, wet, dirty street are my home; and you’re the wretch that drove me to them long ago, and that’ll keep me there, day and night, day and night, till I die!” (p.116).&lt;br /&gt;The underworld criminals also give the author a chance to show the ugly realities of human nature. It was when they were happy of hunting poor Oliver without knowing what actually happened by crying out, ‘Stop thief! Stop thief!’ and people were chasing him. There was a passion for hunting something deeply implanted in the human breast (p.67). This chance is used by the author to show the true criminal morality at work. After The Dodger and Master Bates thieved the man, both of them were running away at full speed to the corner since they did not want to attract public attention. When they saw Oliver run of seeing their mode of work, these two boys, then roared and shouted behind him to provoke others as if Oliver was real thief.&lt;br /&gt;They no sooner heard the cry, and saw Oliver running, than, guessing exactly how the matter stood, they issued forth with great promptitude; and, shouting ‘Stop thief!’ too, join in the pursuit like good citizens. (p.66)&lt;br /&gt;The immediate effect of poverty as it has been stated above, indeed, changed the life attitude of the people. Begging in the street and becoming a street musician, then, is an alternative legal way of earning money and the worst feature of this is when becoming criminals is a common thing. Here, it becomes clear that the bad impact of the Industrial Revolution is the price that should be paid in terms of suffering and demoralization when they come to the deadly environment of the under world criminal.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Conclusion&lt;br /&gt;From the findings and discussion, it can be seen that Charles Dickens’ Oliver Twist clearly depicts the socio-cultural conditions portrayed during the Industrial Revolution. Dickens describes this social conditions related to the problems of housing, health, clothing, meal, and orphanage. He depicts all these things since the conditions of the poor at that time were very awful.&lt;br /&gt;The more so was the conditions of the poor and unfortunate orphans. They were beaten and tortured by their supervisors. With the immense popularity of his novel, Dickens satirically and effectively criticizes the atrocious situations during the Industrial Revolution in England. It is clear that in Industrial Revolution, the poor became the victims of the rapidly changing social conditions since they did not have the resources for defense. This was very sad condition. However, the Industrial Revolution in England can be taken as a good example and lesson for serious considerations when other countries are administering an Industrial Revolution.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;References&lt;br /&gt;Barnard, Robert. 1984. A Short History of English Literature. Norway: Basil Blackwell.&lt;br /&gt;Chesterton, G.K (Eds.).1992. Oliver Twist. London: Everyman’s Library.&lt;br /&gt;Cody, David. 2001. Child Labor, (Online), (http:// landow.stg.brown.edu/victorian/ history/ hist 8. html, diakses 7 September 2001).&lt;br /&gt;Easton, Stewart C. 1996. The Western Heritage (from the earliest times to the present). New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc.&lt;br /&gt;Fielden, John. 2001. The Curse of the Factory System, (Online), (http: // 65. 107. 211. 206/ victorian/ history/ worker 2. html, diakses 6 Mei 2001).&lt;br /&gt;Gaskel, P. 1833. The Manufacturing Population of England, (Online), (http: // 65.107.211.206/ Victorian/ history/ worker 2, html, diakses 6 Mei 2001)&lt;br /&gt;Handerson, W.O. and W.H. Chaloner. 1968. The Condition of the Working Class. Standford: Standford University Press.&lt;br /&gt;Langbaum, Robert. 1967. The Victorian Age: essays in history and in social and literary criticism. New York: A Fawcett.&lt;br /&gt;Lloyd, P.G. 1959. The Story of British Democracy. London: Mac Millan.&lt;br /&gt;Long, William J. 1945. English Literature. New York: Ginn.&lt;br /&gt;Mashburn, S. 2001. Oliver Twist describes social problem in Victorian England, (Online), (http// www. Literature notes. com, diakses 6 Mei 2001).&lt;br /&gt;Mc Kay, John P., Bennett D. Hill, John Buckler. 1983. A History of Western Society. USA: Houghton Mifflin Company.&lt;br /&gt;Moody, William Vaughm. 1943. A History of English Literture. New York: Charles Scribners Sons.&lt;br /&gt;Seamen, L.C.B.1954. A Short Social History of England. London: Longmans.&lt;br /&gt;Slater, Michael (Ed). 1992. Oliver Twist. Everyman’s Library.&lt;br /&gt;Tierney, Brian, Donal Kagan and L. Pearce Williams. 1968. Great Issues in Western Civilization. New York: Random House.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/1535004738747222244-475363932651030836?l=leksika-leksika.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://leksika-leksika.blogspot.com/feeds/475363932651030836/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://leksika-leksika.blogspot.com/2008/12/artikel-childs-suffering-in-oliver.html#comment-form' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1535004738747222244/posts/default/475363932651030836'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1535004738747222244/posts/default/475363932651030836'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://leksika-leksika.blogspot.com/2008/12/artikel-childs-suffering-in-oliver.html' title='Artikel-Child&apos;s Suffering in Oliver Twist'/><author><name>leksika</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16561735150883024015</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='23' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_sdftwHGT3Uk/SW0-Uv-CT-I/AAAAAAAAAD8/N_A3zsWUws8/S220/image002.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_sdftwHGT3Uk/SUDBqyEghuI/AAAAAAAAABk/zfOW0YHC43Q/s72-c/a.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1535004738747222244.post-8869878099819236219</id><published>2008-12-10T23:07:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2009-01-14T17:56:02.117-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Abstract'/><title type='text'>Abstract: Beauty in Today Teen's Eyes</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_sdftwHGT3Uk/SUC9FxhVPBI/AAAAAAAAABc/wCuFrAkZJrc/s1600-h/chick-lit.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5278426670168357906" style="FLOAT: left; MARGIN: 0px 10px 10px 0px; WIDTH: 93px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 124px" alt="" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_sdftwHGT3Uk/SUC9FxhVPBI/AAAAAAAAABc/wCuFrAkZJrc/s320/chick-lit.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="color:#33cc00;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;Young female writers&lt;/span&gt; shocked the literary field of Indonesia by publishing their works in their way: light, unburdened, and fresh. Their language choice is easily understandable: the noverls were written in a colloquial style. The books were sold well. It did refresh our literary world. The teenagers, at least, have more alternatives to read something composed by their peers. Through their pens, our teens share their views on reality in their very style. One of the outstanding concepts evoked in their writing is the formulation of “beauty”. This paper took four novels, My Friends-My Dreams, Ramalan Fudus Ororpus, Kana di Negeri Kiwi, dan Summer Triangel, to discover the teen’s perspective concerning beauty. The concept is internalized in their mind through the discourses developed in their social background and through the media. They select those discourses, and take one they believe in it. The analysis shows that their concept of beauty is not so different from the general one—or patriarchal beauty. However, they insist that being beauty does not necessarily mean to be happy, as it was obviously declared in Kana di Negeri Kiwi. The beauty is : tall, white, black and straight hair, and well-shaped body. This is just a result of the dominance of patriarchy, standing in the same position of capitalism to whom the main stream media are belonged. The media holder is the only one dictating whats to be “beauty.” Key Words: teen, novel, beauty &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/1535004738747222244-8869878099819236219?l=leksika-leksika.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://leksika-leksika.blogspot.com/feeds/8869878099819236219/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://leksika-leksika.blogspot.com/2008/12/abstract-beauty-in-today-teens-eyes.html#comment-form' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1535004738747222244/posts/default/8869878099819236219'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1535004738747222244/posts/default/8869878099819236219'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://leksika-leksika.blogspot.com/2008/12/abstract-beauty-in-today-teens-eyes.html' title='Abstract: Beauty in Today Teen&apos;s Eyes'/><author><name>leksika</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16561735150883024015</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='23' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_sdftwHGT3Uk/SW0-Uv-CT-I/AAAAAAAAAD8/N_A3zsWUws8/S220/image002.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_sdftwHGT3Uk/SUC9FxhVPBI/AAAAAAAAABc/wCuFrAkZJrc/s72-c/chick-lit.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1535004738747222244.post-5948567566919788652</id><published>2008-12-10T22:57:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2009-01-14T17:53:42.130-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Article'/><title type='text'>Artikel 1-Cantik  Dealova</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_sdftwHGT3Uk/SUC6NG2Sm5I/AAAAAAAAABU/mWrLptVFYxA/s1600-h/dealova.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5278423497617611666" style="FLOAT: left; MARGIN: 0px 10px 10px 0px; WIDTH: 116px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 87px" alt="" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_sdftwHGT3Uk/SUC6NG2Sm5I/AAAAAAAAABU/mWrLptVFYxA/s200/dealova.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="color:#cc0000;"&gt;CANTIK ALA REMAJA DALAM NOVEL-NOVEL TEENLITE&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Lilik Setijowati&lt;br /&gt;Khristianto&lt;br /&gt;Universitas Muhammadiyah Purwokerto&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color:#cc0000;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Pendahuluan&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;Ada satu fenomena baru yang cukup menggembirakan dalam dunia sastra populer di Indonesia. ‘Chicklit’ atau ‘Teenlite’ biasanya dipakai sebagai sebutan genre sastra baru yang berupa karya-karya sastra, dalam hal ini Novel, yang ditulis oleh remaja-remaja putri. Sebelumnya, sedikit yang membayangkan bahwa dunia remaja remaja yang biasanya merupakan dunia ‘menikmati’ bisa melahirkan sebuah karya yang bisa dibanggakan. Ini artinya remaja juga mengamati, merenungkan, berpikir dan akhirnya berproduksi melahirkan sebuah karya.&lt;br /&gt;Proses berpikir kritis semacam itu mengingatkan kita pada tokoh pemancang tonggak bagi ‘terbukanya dunia wanita’, R.A. Kartini. Budianta (2005) menulis: “…sosoknya sebagai seorang pemikir kritis yang terjebak oleh zamannya. Sejak berusia belasan tahun, gadis bangsawan Jawa itu mengamati segala sesuatu disekitarnya, dan yang terjadi pada dirinya dengan sorotan yang jernih dan tajam.”&lt;br /&gt;Dari sini, kita tahu bahwa proses mengamati itu terjadi semenjak Kartini remaja. ‘Mengamati’ tentu berbeda dengan ‘melihat’ atau ‘menyaksikan’ karena mengamati juga mengandung makna berpikir kritis dan mencerna. Apakah hanya Kartini saja, dan tidak ada gadis lain atau siapapun, yang bisa melihat dan menyaksikan kejadian kesenjangan akses pada dunia antara laki-laki dan perempuan? Tetapi jelas hanya Kartini yang melakukan pengamatan dan kemudian merenungkan kondisi yang sangat biasa itu menjadi satu ‘dorongan’ yang amat kuat untuk mengubahnya.&lt;br /&gt;Adalah hal biasa, pada zaman itu, bahwa perempuan itu tidak pergi ke sekolah, bahwa perempuan hanya berkutat dengan urusan-urusan domestik, sehingga tidak butuh ‘bisa membaca’. Nenek moyang mereka juga seperti itu, mereka bisa melakukan tugas-tugasnya dengan baik, tanpa pergi ke sekolah atau tanpa bisa membaca. Budianta (2005) melanjutkan, “surat-suratnya…merupakan saksi zaman suara perempuan intelektual yang terpingit dan terbungkam oleh kebudayaannya sendiri.” Kartini jelas berupaya mengubah tradisi zamannya, meski langkah itu dilakukan tidak secara langsung memberontak budaya yang telah melahirkan dan membesarkannya. Tapi, hari ini terbukti goresan tulisannya menjadi tonggak sejarah yang membuka ruang bagi perempuan untuk memiliki ruang jangkau terhadap dunia sebagaimana laki-laki.&lt;br /&gt;Melalui karya-karya mereka, para novelis remaja ini juga ingin menggugat ‘trend’ yang selalu menjadi raja bagi teman-teman sebayanya. Merek ingin menyadarkan sesamanya untuk bertanya lagi tentang makna ‘cantik’. Mereka mengajak untuk merenungkan arti ‘bahagia.’ Sebagi contoh, salah satu novelis remaja mengangkat ‘kegemukan’ yang sering dianggap momok dan kartu mati seorang gadis. Ia melalui tokoh utamanya membuktikan bahwa kegemukan bukanlah akhir segala-galanya, bahwa ‘gadis gemuk pun bisa berbahagia dan meraih keinginannya.’ (KCM: 2005). Kajian ini akan berfokus pada bagaimana konsep cantik yang diusung dalam karya-karya novelis remaja.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color:#cc0000;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Chick lit atau Teenlite&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;Isitilah chick lit bisa diterjemahkan menjadi ‘sastra cewek’ atau ‘sastra remaja putri.’ Chick kadang juga diganti dengan teen untuk mengacu para pengarang karya sastra genre ini. Istilah ‘teen’ kurang spesifik karena biasanya mereka adalah remaja yang berjenis kelamin perempuan. Sehingga chick, yang bahasa slang untuk perempuan kota besar/urban (Dewi:2005), lebih tepat dalam kasus ini. Chick lit, yang kadang juga disebut Chick Fic, mengacu pada karya fiksi (biasanya novel) yang menggambarkan kehidupan seseorang, biasanya perempuan, berusia 20 atau 30 tahun.&lt;br /&gt;Menurut Housely (2003) Tokoh utama dalam novel jenis ini biasanya tengah berupaya mencari pekerjaan, pacar baru, apartemen yang lebih besar atau kehidupan yang lebih baik. Meski sering kali berbicara tentang cinta, novel ini sangat berbeda dengan gaya novel cinta tradisional. Tokohnya jarang sekali digambarkan sebagai wanita yang sempurna, atau pria kaya yang aristokratis. Tokoh-tokoh dalam cerita memiliki kebebasan sosok baik mencakup besarnya, bentuknya, maupuan rasnya.&lt;br /&gt;Pendapat ini senada dengan penulis novel Cintapuccino, Rachmawati dalam Dewi (2005), yang mengatakan bahwa tokoh dan cerita yang ditampilkan merupakan sesuatu yang membumi, yang akrab dengan dunia mereka dan dunia pembaca. Secara jelas Rachmawati dalam Dewi (2005) mengungkapkan, "Jadi menurut saya, daya tariknya justru dari adanya kedekatan cerita dan gaya bertutur dengan keseharian pembacanya, sehingga sering berkesan gue banget!"&lt;br /&gt;Novel ini mulai berkembang di Barat semenjak tahun 1990-an, yang menunjukkan taringnya dengan sukses besar “Bridget Jone's Diary” pada tahun 1998. Menurut Cabot dari ABC News dalam Housley (2003), diantara 23 milyar dolar penghasilan perusahaan penerbitan, 71 juta diantaranya diperoleh melalui penjualan novel ini. Angka itu dihitung hanya dari novel-novel terlaris. Beberapa penerbit seperti Harlequin, Broadway dan Pocket Books telah mendirikan unit tersendiri untuk menangani novel jenis ini, mengingat keuntungan besar yang menjajikan.&lt;br /&gt;Di Indonesia perkembangan chicklit baru terlihat pada tahun 2000-an. Puncak perkembangannya ditandai dengan diangkatnya salah satu novel menjadi sebuah film, Me and High Heels. Kesuksesan novel ini, kemudian, diikuti oleh larisnya novel-novel sejenis di pasaran. Sebutlah misalnya Dealova yang penjualannya laris bak kacang goreng. Satu prestasi penjualan yang amat jarang, kecuali untuk novel-novel terjemahan dari luar negeri atau buku-buku pelajaran sekolah, sebagaimana tulisan dari wartawan Kompas (Sabtu, 22 Januari 2005 ) berikut:&lt;br /&gt;Penerbit yang memopulerkan novel chicklit dan teenlit di Indonesia ini misalnya, sekarang sudah terjual tak kurang dari 35.000 eksemplar. Tiras buku sebesar ini cukup fantastis untuk jenis buku di luar buku pelajaran di Indonesia. Oleh karena itu, tidak mengherankan apabila novel teenlit ini masuk dalam kategori buku best seller. Karena, umumnya untuk satu jenis buku penerbit hanya mencetak dari 2.000 hingga 5.000 eksemplar saja.&lt;br /&gt;Sisi yang juga menarik dari kemunculan novel-novel remaja ini adalah fakta bahwa semua itu merupakan produk dari para gadis yang masih sangat belia. Sebagaimana diungkapkan dalam laporan Kompas (22-1-2005), “Penulis-penulis belia itu ada yang masih duduk di bangku sekolah menengah pertama (SMP), bahkan ada pula yang masih sekolah dasar (SD) waktu mereka mulai menulis novel.” Ini artinya para remaja kita, yang sering dianggap suka hura-hura, ternyata memiliki potensi besar untuk menghasilkan karya. Kreativitas mereka harus kita hargai dan patut dicontoh oleh remaja lainnya.&lt;br /&gt;Menurut Dewi (2005), ada tiga ciri utama dari novel genre ini. Pertama, kedekatan tema dengan permasalahan sehari-hari. Kedua, gaya bahasa yang santai, dan ringan yang ditujukan untuk makin mendekatkan dunia cerita dengan dunia nyata. Dalam novel semacam ini, gaya bahasa formal tidak berlaku, sehingga pembaca seakan tengah bercerita sendiri atau mendengarkan curhat dari karibnya. Ketiga, narasi biasanya dikemas dengan gaya yang kocak, sehingga memberikan hiburan segar.&lt;br /&gt;Dikatakan chick lit merupakan bentuk mutakhir dari feminisme. Melalui karya itu, para pengarang perempuan mengidentifikasikan dunianya sendiri, merombak konsep-konsep ‘keperempuanan’ yang selama ini dibentuk oleh kaum pria. Sebagaimana dikatakan oleh Dyan (2005), “Waktu aku nulis itu aku mikir perempuan itu harus kuat, jangan mau kalah dengan cowok. Makanya, di situ Dealova aku tulis sebagai cewek yang tomboi karena aku memang suka sama cewek-cewek tomboi. Kalo menurut aku cewek tomboi itu perlu. Biar cowok enggak maen-maenin, enggak dianggap lemah, biar cewek itu bisa jaga diri." Dari ungkapan pengarang Dealova tersebut, jelas sekali bahwa ia sebagai pengarang ingin menyampaikan pesan “keperkasaan” kepada kaumnya.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Kajian Wanita dalam Sastra&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kajian gender merupakan bentuk perlawanan terhadap budaya pria yang telah sekian lama selalu memposisikan kaum perempuan dalam posisi subordinat. Bukti pandangan yang bias gender ini terlihat sejak peradaban Yunani kuno. Aristoteles, misalnya, menegaskan bahwa ”pria memang ditakdirkan lebih unggul dan wanita itu lemah; pria menguasai dan wanita dikuasai”(Bressler,1999:180). Posisi subyek dan obyek yang dikatakan sebagai takdir yang ditentukan Tuhan membuat perempuan tidak diberi kesempatan yang sama seperti kaum laki-laki.&lt;br /&gt;Protes terhadap kondisi ini terlihat jelas dalam karya feminis awal Virginia Woolf. Ia menggambarkan sebuah masyarakat dengan kaum laki-laki yang selalu dan terus menempatkan perempuan pada posisi yang lemah. Hanya karena ia terlahir dengan kelamin perempuan menjadikannya tidak berhak ’memiliki kamar sendiri’ (’a room of her own’), ia tidak bisa memperoleh pendidikan serta pekerjaan yang layak. Protes senada juga diungkapkan oleh Simone de Beavoir, dari Perancis, melalui The Second Sex dan juga oleh Kate Millet dengan Sexual Politics-nya (Bressler, 1999:181-182).&lt;br /&gt;Dalam dunia sastra, para penulis feminis berupaya menciptakan lakon perempuan yang sesuai dengan keinginan mereka—sosok yang berbeda dengan yang biasa ditampilkan penulis pria. Pengarang wanita berupa mendefinisikan dunianya. Mereka ingin menyatakan ’women are people in their own right.’ Wanita yang dalam dunia sastra dan masyarakat sering digambarkan dan diasosiasikan sebagai peri, pelayan bar, pelacur, ibu rumah tangga yang bodoh, melalui karya-karyanya berupaya melepaskan diri dari tekanan-tekanan tersebut dan mendefiniskan dirinya sendiri (Bressler, 1999:189).&lt;br /&gt;Penulis-penulis Indonesia seperti Ayu Utami, Djenar Maesa Ayu, Dewi Lestari, dan beberapa penulis lainnya generasi 70-an terbukti telah memberi warna beda yang kuat pada sastra feminis. Mereka berupaya menegaskan eksistensinya sebagai perempuan. Mereka juga menunjukkan kepada budaya masyarakat patriarkis bahwa perempuan pun memiliki kemampuan dan sudah seharusnya diberi hak untuk menyusun stereotipe sastra dan budaya. Sebagaian ada yang menyebut mereka sebagai kelompok sastra wangi. Meskipun sebutan ini juga tidak begitu saja diterima oleh mereka (Dewi:2005).&lt;br /&gt;Hasil dan Pembahasan&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Data-data yang ada dikumpulkan dari novel-novel yang dipilih secara purposive, yakni novel-novel yang paling menonjol dalam menggambarkan konsep-konsep yang dirumuskan dalam permasalahan yakni konsep cantik, konsep bahagia dan konsep gadis ideal. Setelah dibaca novel-novel yang telah dikumpulkan, kemudian diperoleh empat novel, yakni My Friends, My Dreams karya Ken Terate, Ramalan Fudus Ororpus tulisan dari Julia Stevanny, Kana di Negeri Kiwi garapan Rosemary Kesauly, dan Summer Triangle karangan Hora Hope.&lt;br /&gt;Satu persatu hasil analisa terhadap keempat novel ini disajikan pada bagian di bawah ini. Pembicaraan dilakukan berdasarkan urutan konsep-konsep yang menjadi fokus pertanyaan penelitian ini, dengan melihat masing-masing konsep yang terkandung dalam keempat sumber data.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Cantik versi remaja kita&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dalam bagian ini, akan dilihat bagaimana masing-masing novel sebagai sumber data mengkategorikan tentang konsep cantik. Novel tersebut merupakan tulisan-tulisan yang mewakili kaum perempuan dalam memandang dunianya. Kaum perempuan di sini secara khusus adalah para remaja, meskipun memang beberapa penulis bisa dikatakan sudah bukan remaja lagi. Tetapi hampir semua cerita yang diangkat menampilkan sosok remaja, para tokoh utama yang masih bersekolah di tingkat menengah.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;a) My Friends, My Dreams (MF-MD).&lt;br /&gt;Dalam novel MF-MD, tokoh yang diwujudkan sebagai sosok yang cantik adalah Marcella, salah satu dari trio (Joy, Wening) protagonis. Tiga orang ini teman sekelas, yang kemudian menjadi sahabat yang saling menopang. Kecantikan Marcella digambarkan sebagai berikut.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;”Cantik, senyum dong. You look wonderful.” kata-kata Papa nggak bisa membuat gue menarik bibir walau setengah milipun. (MF-MD:16)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kutipan di atas merupakan fakta cantik yang berasal dari komentar orang lain, yang disampaikan oleh si tokoh sendiri. Orang lain tersebut, ayahnya sendiri, mencoba merayu anaknya agar ceria dengan menyebutkan fakta keunggulan yang melekat pada putrinya tersebut.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;”Ow, ada fotomodel nyasar rupanya.” Semua perkataan itu sudah gue cerna. Rasanya otak gue nggak ada di kepala. (MF-MD:17).&lt;br /&gt;Tapi lebih banyak , mata cowok yang melotot melihat jenjang kaki gue (MF-MD:19).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Hampir sama dengan kutipan sebelumnya, fakta cantik ini datang dari orang yang merespon tentang dirinya. Kali ini adalah seniornya di SMU. Seniornya itu menganggap penampilan Marcella seperti fotomodel. Lazimnya, fotomodel pada umumnya sosok Marcella sudah semestinya cantik. Kutipan berikutnya fakta cantik diungkapkan oleh pelaku sendiri, yang bercerita mengenai respon teman-teman laki-lakinya di sekolah yang selalu menikmati keindahan kakinya. Dengan demikian, fakta cantik Marcella semakin kuat, dan dengan didukung satu kriteria, kaki yang jenjang.&lt;br /&gt;Fakta cantik yang diungkap Marcella juga muncul ketika ia membayangkan sosok gadis Bandung yang harus ia cari sebagai tugas yang diberikan senior dalam acara MOS (Masa Orientasi Sekolah).&lt;br /&gt;Masa sih, ada juga mojang Bandung yang nyasar di kelas ini. Gue edarin mata nyari cewek seksi yang rambutnya di-rebonding, dan pake rok mini (MD-MF:21)&lt;br /&gt;Kali ini, Marcella menyampaikan kecantikan orang lain, yakni temannya yang berasal dari Bandung. Ia yakni bahwa orang dari sana tentulah gadis yang cantik, dengan kriteria-kriteria yang ia sebutkan: seksi, rambut di-rebonding.&lt;br /&gt;Kecantikan Marcella juga diakui oleh dua teman akrabnya, Joy dan Wening.&lt;br /&gt;”Elo suka basket?” tanya cewek cantik berambut di-rebonding itu dengan mata bersinar bak lampu disko. Dia kan cewek sensasional yang pake sepatu pink dan rok mini? (MF-MD:30)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ini adalah komentar Wening tentang Marcella. Wening menyebutkan secara jelas bahwa Marcella adalah sosok yang cantik dengan mata bersinar. Berikut perkataan Joy tentang tokoh yang sama.&lt;br /&gt;Marcella is perfect. Biarpun dia agak belagu dan rada-rada narsis. aku rasa anaknya asyik. Pinter, cantik, seksi, jago basket, gape ngeband, kurang apa coba? (MF-MD:33)&lt;br /&gt;Marcella memang sempurna. Cantik, pinter, dan punya segudang ide kreatif. Apa sih kelemahannya? (MF-MD:47)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Joy dalam dua kutipan tersebut jelas menegaskan kecantikan dan segala hal yang menjadi mimpi dalam kehidupan seorang gadis remaja. Joy mengungkapkan kecantikan Marcella dengan kriteria cantik, seksi, dan pinter.&lt;br /&gt;Kecantikan Marcella ini juga terasa dampaknya dalam pergaulan sekolah secara umum. Dalam arti bahwa kecantikan sudah umumnya menjadi pusat perhatian, sebagaimana komentar Joy tentang posisi mereka bertiga di hadapan pandangan umum.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Tadi ada cowok yang nyamperin aku, pertamanya sih ngajak kenalan. Tapi buntutnya minta dikenalin ama Marcella. Huh! gitu juga kalo kami jalan bareng bertiga. keliatannya kayak Charlie’s Angles di Catwalk bareng-bareng. Tapi lampu sorotnya cuma ngarah ke Marcella. (MF-MD:23)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Respon umum yang terjadi dalam novel merupakan hal yang lazim kita temui dalam kehidupan masyarakat. Cantik selalu menjadi sorotan dan sumber kekaguman bagi orang-orang yang sempat melihatnya. Begitu pun dengan apa yang dialami oleh Joy dan Wening, yang selalu menjadi sosok-sosok yang ”tidak terlihat” dalam mata para siswa. Dengan demikian, konsep cantik ini melekat pada diri Marcella, yang antara lain disebutkan dengan beberapa kriteria.&lt;br /&gt;Kriteria cantik dalam novel juga bisa dilihat dari bagaimana Wening menemukan obsesinya. Ia begitu bingung mana yang bisa diangkat sebagai obsesi ketika ia memiliki terlalu banyak keinginan, sementara tidak yakin dengan target yang ingin ia raih.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aku punya banyak obsesi. Mulai dari ingin berkulit putih...punya sepatu Gosh seperti Marcella, bisa main gitar...(MF-MD:60)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Cantik yang tampak dari kutipan ucapan Wening ini ada dua: memiliki kulit putih dan memiliki pakaian ber-merk, yang dalam hal ini diwakili oleh sepatu. Dengan demikian, bisa kita simpulkan bahwa orang cantik itu semestinya harus seksi, berkulit putih, rambut rebonding, dan pakaian bagus atau bermerk.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;b) Ramalan Fudus Ororpus (RF)&lt;br /&gt;Dalam novel RF, tidak banyak digambarkan tentang konsep cantik yang diungkapkan, paling tidak jika dibandingkan dengan MF-MD. Kebetulan tokoh utamanya justru gadis yang ”tidak cantik.” Tokoh utamanya adalah Deryn, yang memiliki lima saudara perempuan, merasa iri karena ia tidak mewarisi kecantikan ibunya.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Semua saudaraku seperti pinang dibelah lima. Seperti pinang dibelah enam dengan Mama. Supercantik. Sosok wanita sempurna. Wajah eksotis, kulit putih bersih, mata bulat besar, rambut hitam tebal, postur semampai….(RF:22)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dari kutipan di atas, tokoh utama tampak begitu menginginkan dirinya seperti sosok-sosok perempuan lain yang ada di rumahnya. Ia menyampaikan ciri atau kriteria cantik yang melekat pada orang-orang di dekatnya: wajah eksotis, kulih putih bersih, mata bulat dan besar, rambut yang hitam dan tebal, serta tubuh yang tinggi semampai.&lt;br /&gt;Kecantikan mereka juga diakui oleh mereka sendiri. Ketika mereka meligitimasi kebenaran ramalan yang menjadi tema cerita. Mereka mengatakan bahwa ramalan itu memang memiliki alasan yang cukup masuk akal untuk menjadi kebenaran.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;“Deryn diramal akan jadi perawan tua, Pa!”…&lt;br /&gt;“Nggak kok, ramalan itu bener,” balas Juliet, mendelik ke arahku.&lt;br /&gt;“Diliat dari luar aja udah kelihatan,” timpal Bianca tajam. “Diantara kita, Deryn kan yang wajahnya paling jelek…”(RF:20)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Selain kategori di atas, ciri cantik juga bisa ditarik dari deskripsi konsep lawannya, “tidak cantik.” Konsep “tidak cantik” ini muncul ketika tokoh utama memandang wajahnya di depan cermin. Ia pun mengakui ia memang memiliki kualitas fisik yang kalah dari saudara-saudaranya.&lt;br /&gt;Sambil menggerutu menyesali nasib, aku meloncat ke depan cermin…Kulit kecoklatan, rambut ikal, pipi tembam, dan tubuh pendek. (RF:23)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dari deskripsi di atas, ia ingin menegaskan bahwa menjadi cantik seseorang haruslah memiliki kulit yang putih, bukan coklat seperti dirinya ataupun mungkin warna lainnya. Begitu juga dengan rambut yang harus lurus, bukan ikal apalagi keriting. Hal ini tergambar jelas dari deskripsinya bahwa ibu dan kelima saudaranya memiliki rambut yang hitam dan tebal—tentu saja lurus. Kemudian “pipi tembam” mungkin merupakan wakil dari tubuh yang gemuk sebagai lawan dari kata semampai, yang juga dilawankan dengan kata bertubuh pendek. Dengan demikian, RF mengungkapkan konsep cantik yang sejalan dengan mainstream pemahaman yang selama ini berkembang.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;c) Kana di Negeri Kiwi&lt;br /&gt;Kana sebagai tokoh utama cerita dalam novel Kana di Negeri Kiwi mengalami nasib sebagai manusia yang terbuang, pertama oleh ibunya yang ingin menikah lagi setelah sekian lama menjadi janda. Dan kedua oleh Rudy, pacarnya, yang memutuskan untuk mengakhiri hubungan cinta, tidak lama sebelum ia berpindah ke Selandia Baru. Hal yang kemudian sangat mempengaruhi hari-harinya di negeri baru tersebut adalah kata-kata Rudy.&lt;br /&gt;“Lagipula kau gemuk, Kana, kau terlalu gemuk bagiku. Orang-orang selalu menyebut kita pasangan ‘angka sepuluh’. Aku malu pacaran denganmu” (KNK:18).&lt;br /&gt;Julukan sebagai sosok gemuk inilah yang menjadi warna pekat kehidupannya selepas diputus oleh pacarnya itu. Ia memfokuskan seluruh konsentrasinya pada usaha bagaimana menjadikan dirinya ‘tidak gemuk’. Ia menganggap kegemukan adalah sumber masalah dalam kehidupannya. Rudy, yang diharapkan, bisa menjadi tumpuan hatinya, ternyata pergi karena ‘kegemukan’ yang menimpa tubuhnya. Dan ia meyakini bahwa kepergian Rudy adalah kesalahan dirinya semata, yang memiliki tubuh yang kurang bagus di mata Rudy.&lt;br /&gt;“Tapi beratku lima puluh kilo. Joy, ini gawat darurat, aku menghabiskan liburan musim panas dengan berdiet Atkins, diet Okinawa, diet detoksifikasi, dan entah sembilan ribu macam diet lainnya, dan hasilnya seperti ini.” (KNK:37)&lt;br /&gt;Dengan demikian, cantik yang tertanam dalam diri Kana adalah tubuh yang bagus, atau lebih tepatnya tubuh yang tidak kelebihan bobot. Kana sangat risau dengan tubuhnya itu. Padahal menurut sahabatnya Joytika, tubuhnya masih proporsional dan tidak gemuk sama sekali.&lt;br /&gt;“Kana, percaya deh, kau sama sekali tidak gemuk, lagi pula kalaupun kau merasa gemuk, lantas apa salahnya? Drew Barrymore juga tidak kurus-kurus amat, toh dia tetap terlihat cantik.” (KNK:39)&lt;br /&gt;Dari kutipan di atas tampak bahwa Kana merasa sumber masalah dalam kehidupannya adalah bobot yang berlebihan. Akibatnya, sedikit saja gemuk menjadikannya begitu ketakutan. Hal inipun diketahui oleh ayahnya, yang sebenarnya tidak begitu setuju dengan diet yang ia lakukan.&lt;br /&gt;“Masih kaulanjutkan diet gilamu?”… “Dad, aku HARUS jadi kurus. Mungkin tidak penting bagimu, tapi penting bagiku,”…. “Asal kau bisa menjaga kesehatanmu bagiku tidak masalah.” (KNK:46-47)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Obsesi untuk memiliki tubuh yang langsing semakin menjadi ketika sekolahnya kedatangan para siswa dari Brazil. Kana begitu iri saat melihat bentuk-bentuk tubuh mereka.&lt;br /&gt;Ya ampun, tubuhnya benar-benar membuat iri. Perutnya yang rata, pinggangnya yang ramping berlekuk, pinggulnya yang padat, semuanya TIDAK KUMILIKI. (KNK:62)&lt;br /&gt;Konsep cantik inilah yang menjadi criteria dalam novel KNK. Tubuh indah menjadi kunci seorang perempuan untuk bisa disebut cantik. Hal ini disebabkan karena keputusan Rudy, pacarnya, untuk mengakhiri hubungannya adalah faktor kelebihan berat yang dialaminya.&lt;br /&gt;d) Summer Triangle&lt;br /&gt;Konsep cantik yang dihadirkan dalam novel Summer Triangle (ST) ini cukup simple. Tidak banyak kriteria yang disebutkan untuk mengkategorikan seseorang bisa disebut sebagai cantik. Ada sebutan lain untuk menggantikan kata “cantik,” yakni manis. Posisi “manis”, bila diskalakan, tentu masih dibawah cantik itu sendiri. Bahkan si tokoh utama cerita, Vega, bukan merupakan satu karakter gadis yang cantik. Ia seorang gadis yang biasa saja secara fisik.&lt;br /&gt;Gambar itu bukan gambar Sophie. Perawakannya sedang. Tidak terlalu cantik, tapi juga tidak jelek-jelak amat. Rambutnya ikal dengan ekspresi wajah yang sedang marah-marah, mirip Dewi Medusa. (ST:128)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kutipan di atas jelas menyebutkan bahwa Vega tidaklah cantik. Kata “manis” muncul ketika pengarang menggambarkan sosok Nina, sahabat Vega.&lt;br /&gt;Vega memperhatikan penampilan cewek dengan logat Jawa original itu. Rambut pendek ala Demi Moore tahun 90-annya benar-benar …Tapi kalo sekarang cowok abis! Tapi tetap manis kok. Kan tahi lalat mungilnya masih menclok di bawah mata kanan. (ST:28)&lt;br /&gt;Selain itu, Sophi, pacar Rio yang sudah meninggal, juga diilustrasikan dengan kata “manis.”&lt;br /&gt;Dia akan menggambar cewek manis berambut panjang nan anggun itu tengah asyik bermain bulu tangkis…sewaktu bermain bulu tangkis, cewek itu selalu tampak cantik. Ia ceria dan penuh semangat. (ST:52)&lt;br /&gt;Sophia teman dekat Nina yang juga tetangga sebelah rumahnya. Dia cantik, periang dan murah senyum. (ST:98)&lt;br /&gt;Tampaknya secara fisik, karakter Sophilah yang mewakili konsep cantik dalam novel ini. Ia digambarkan sebagai sosok yang anggun dengan rambut panjang dengan pembawaan selalu murah senyum dan penuh semangat.&lt;br /&gt;Namun demikian, bukan kualitas cantik fisik yang menjadi faktor terpenting dalam diri seseorang. Dalam novel ini, dua sosok yang membawa perubahan dalam diri Rio adalah Sophi dan Vega. Sebagaimana bisa kita lihat pada kutipan berikut.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sophia memang cewek yang penuh tawa ria. Bawaanya selalu riang seperti tidak pernah punya masalah. Beda dengan dirinya yang gampang senewen dan ketus kalau ngomong. Wajar kalau mereka sering beda pandangan dan berdebat. Tapi uniknya, kadang itu bisa membuat Rio tenang, bahkan sampai tergerak untuk “berbaikan” dengan Mama Lastri (ST:122).&lt;br /&gt;Celoteh-celoteh Sophi jualan yang membuatnya baikan sama Mama…Mama Lastri benar-benar baik, bahkan lebih baik dari Mama Anna. (ST:124)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Rio mendapatkan kembali keceriaannya setelah ia bisa berbaikan dengan Mama Lastri dan ini berkat Sophi. Sejak itulah, Rio merasa berhutang budi pada Sophi dan berjanji untuk hanya mencintai Sophi selama kehidupannya. Begitu juga dengan kehadiran Vega saat ia pindah ke Jakarta, Rio ternyata bisa menemukan semangat kehidupan baru.&lt;br /&gt;Rio nggak pernah menggambar orang lain selain Sophie,” lanjut Tante Lastri. Kalau dia tiba-tiba menggambar orang lain, pasti ada apa-apanya…”&lt;br /&gt;Ya lumayan. Seenggaknya elo kan tau cinta elo nggak bertepuk sebelah tangan. Nah, elo bias tuh adegan romantis.Rio pasti bertekuk lutut…(ST:130)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Karakter Sophi dan Vega secara fisik jelas sangat berbeda. Tetapi ada apa dengan keduanya yang menjadikan Rio menemukan kembali semangat hidupnya. Tidak lain jawabannya adalah celoteh, perdebatan, dan keceriaan dari dua karakter tersebut. Baik Vega maupun Sophi adalah sosok yang selalu ceria dan sering harus berdebat dengan Rio tentang berbagai hal. Agaknya karakter inilah yang menjadi kunci kenapa keduanya menjadi sosok yang menarik bagi Rio.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Pembahasan&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Cantik dalam keempat novel yang menjadi sumber data ini masih menganut cantik ala mainstream atau cantik patriarkis. Marcella, dalam MF-MD, digambarkan sebagai sosok yang tinggi semampai, berkulit putih dan seksi. Ibu dan saudar-saudara Deryn, dalam RF, digambarkan sebagai sosok yang supercantik dengan tubuh tinggi dan berambut hitam tebal. Dan Kana, dalam KNK, terobsesi untuk mengubah tubuhnya dari gemuk menjadi langsing; ia jug iri dengan teman-teman Berazil yang memiliki tubuh begitu seksi. Tokoh Sohpi, dalam ST, digambarkan sebagai sosok cantik berambut panjang yang anggun.&lt;br /&gt;Konsep cantik yang sangat berkebalikan dengan kata gemuk, memang sudah menjadi prototype tentang apa cantik itu. Budaya patriarkis Jawa misalnya memiliki konsep cantik dengan kategori-kategori yang khas laki-laki. Dalam konsep tersebut, tubuh wanita dieksplorasi dan diarahkan kedalam seksisme ideal hasrat kelaki-lakian. Dari rambut yang ‘ngombak banyu,’ mata yang ‘ndamar kanginan,’ bibir yang ‘nggula satemplik,’ gigi yang ‘miji timun’ hingga pinggang yang ‘nawon kemit’ semunya merupakan bentuk-bentuk ideal yang diinginkan oleh kaum para ada pada diri wanita.&lt;br /&gt;Konsep cantik dalam Budaya patriarkis Jawa ini pun bisa kita temukan pada hampir kebanyakan karya sastra yang ditulis oleh pria, dan juga wanita. Atau juga bisa kita dapati dalam berbagai ledenda yang berkembang di masyarakat, baik di Timur maupun Barat. Bagaimana kisah Bawang Merah Bawang Putih, Kelenting Kuning yang keduanya senada dengan cerita Cinderella&lt;br /&gt;Dalam suasanan budaya yang semacam inilah, makna cantik itu dikategorikan. Konsep cantik semacam ini masih bisa kita rasakan dan jelas bisa kita tangkap dari berbagai media, misalnya iklan pelangsing. Dalam iklan itu digambarkan bagaimana seorang wanita begitu saja diabaikan oleh pria pasangannya, hanya karena dianggap memiliki kelebihan bobot atau berat badan, meski itu tidak seberapa. Sang pria menjadi tidak mau memandang wanita yang bersolek di depannya. Dan masalah ini tentu dipecahkan dengan persuasifisme gaya iklan dengan mengkonsumsi produk yang dimaksud, tentu dengan hasil yang begitu memuaskan—sang pria akhirnya mau memberikan perhatian. Gambaran ini menunjukkan bahwa menjadi cantik adalah usaha yang dilakukan perempuan untuk melayani kaum lelaki.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Penutup&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Hasil analisa menunjukkan remaja memandang cantik sebagai konsep yang dideskripsikan seperti dalam cantik mainstream dengan acuan pada model, Miss Universe dan semacamnya. Cantik ini memiliki kriteria: tubuh tinggi, kulit putih, rambut hitam lurus, dan seksi. Hal ini kemungkinan besar disebabkan oleh begitu dominannya kelompok patriarkis yang cenderung setali tiga uang dengan kelompok kapitalis. Pihak terakhir inilah pemegang media, yang memiliki peran bagi masyarakat dalam memandang diri dan mendikte bagaimana sosok dicitrakan.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Daftar Pustaka&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Bressler, Charles E. 1999. Literary Criticism: An Introduction to Theory and Practice (2nd Edition). New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc.&lt;br /&gt;Budianta, Melani. 2005. Suara Perempuan sebagai Saksi Zaman. Pustakaloka:Kompas (23 April 2005).&lt;br /&gt;Dewey, John. 1993. An Introductory Guide to Cultural Theory and Popular Culture. Hertfordshire: Simon &amp;amp; Schuster International Group.&lt;br /&gt;Dewi, Eriyanti Nurmala. 2005. Sastra ”Chicklit”, Sastra Kaum Perempuan Urban. Pikiran Rakyat (1 Mei 2005).&lt;br /&gt;Hope, Hora. 2005. Summer Triangle. Jakarta: PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama.&lt;br /&gt;Housley, Suzie.2003. Chick-Lit: Is it A Fad that is Slowing Fading? www.MyShelf.com&lt;br /&gt;Kesauly, Rosemary. 2005. Kana di Negeri Kiwi. Jakarta: PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama.&lt;br /&gt;KCM. 2005. Penulis Belia, Mengubah Diary Menjadi Novel. www.kompas.co.id.&lt;br /&gt;Sutopo, H.B. 2002. Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif. Surakarta: UNS Press.&lt;br /&gt;Stevanny, Julia. 2005. Ramalan Fudus Ororpus. Jakarta: PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama.&lt;br /&gt;Terate, Ken. 2005. My Friends, My Dreams. Jakarta: PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/1535004738747222244-5948567566919788652?l=leksika-leksika.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://leksika-leksika.blogspot.com/feeds/5948567566919788652/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://leksika-leksika.blogspot.com/2008/12/artikel-1-cantik-dealova.html#comment-form' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1535004738747222244/posts/default/5948567566919788652'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1535004738747222244/posts/default/5948567566919788652'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://leksika-leksika.blogspot.com/2008/12/artikel-1-cantik-dealova.html' title='Artikel 1-Cantik  Dealova'/><author><name>leksika</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16561735150883024015</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='23' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_sdftwHGT3Uk/SW0-Uv-CT-I/AAAAAAAAAD8/N_A3zsWUws8/S220/image002.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_sdftwHGT3Uk/SUC6NG2Sm5I/AAAAAAAAABU/mWrLptVFYxA/s72-c/dealova.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1535004738747222244.post-5521974992359905236</id><published>2008-12-10T22:47:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2009-01-14T17:56:02.117-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Abstract'/><title type='text'>Abstrak_Strukturalisme Srinthil</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_sdftwHGT3Uk/SUC4fUGtNUI/AAAAAAAAABM/a-4dLHLhI0w/s1600-h/images.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5278421611390514498" style="FLOAT: left; MARGIN: 0px 10px 10px 0px; WIDTH: 94px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 116px" alt="" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_sdftwHGT3Uk/SUC4fUGtNUI/AAAAAAAAABM/a-4dLHLhI0w/s200/images.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Aplikasi Linguistik Struktural dalam Membelah Dunia Sastra&lt;br /&gt;(Sentralitas Srinthil dalam Ronggeng Dukuh Paruk)&lt;br /&gt;Khristianto&lt;br /&gt;Fakultas Sastra, UMP&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="mailto:rezalx@yahoo.com"&gt;rezalx@yahoo.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Tzvetan Todorov menggunakan strukturalisme “as an instrument for negotiating the passage from an initial state of equilibrium, through an action or event disturbing that initial state, to a terminal state in which equilibrium is reestablished but on other grounds” (1968 via Herman:2000). Melalui naratologinya, Todorov menerapkan teori-teori linguistik struktural untuk memahami karya-karya sastra. Aplikasi strukturalisme serupa juga dilakukan oleh Levi Strausse untuk memahami ribuan mitos yang ia kumpulkan dari suku-suku primitif di Amerika Latin. Dengan jalan serupa Ahimsa Putra (2006) menerapkan strukturalisme gaya Strausse untuk mengkaji dongeng dan narasi-narasi folklore, bahkan karya sastra.&lt;br /&gt;Kajian ini mencoba meniru penerapan pisau bedah serupa untuk memahami relasi para tokoh dalam novel Ronggeng Dukuh Paruk (RDP) karya Ahmad Tohari--sebuah trilogi yang sangat bermuatan nilai-nilai lokal baik sebagai latar atau setting cerita. Sang penulis, Ahmad Tohari, yang memang merupakan bagian dari budaya sebagai inang dari nilai-nilai lokal itu berupaya menghidupkan segala nilai yang melekat dalam tradisi ronggeng yang berkembang dalam budaya Banyumasan, atau lebih tepatnya budaya Bagelen, karena ronggeng atau lengger bukan hanya hidup di Banyumas, tetapi juga di Banjarnegara dan juga di wilayah Jawa Tengah bagian Barat-Selatan lain.&lt;br /&gt;Dari analisa struktural atas dongeng ronggeng yang digubah oleh Ahmad Tohari, diperlihatkan bagaimana masing-masing tokoh berelasi dalam ceriteme-ceriteme yang kadang sama dan di sisi lain memiliki perbedaan. Posisi-posisi yang ditempati oleh karakter dalam cerita terbukti bisa terhubung dari peran-peran yang mereka tempati dan masing-masing memiliki fitur-fitur untuk menyatukan dan membedakan. Srinthil menempati posisi sentral yang menghubungkan semua tokoh lain dalam RDP. Oposisi biner tampak dari analisa atas para klien dari profesi Srinthil sebagai ronggeng. Tampak juga ternyata Srinthil dan Rasus merupakan dua tokoh yang memiliki posisi serupa bagi desanya, Dukuh Paruk. Keduanya seakan merupakan transformasi sebagai tokoh ideal. Terakhir, pengalaman yang dialami oleh para tokoh penting menggambarkan perspektif pengarang akan perilaku penguasa saat itu terhadap peristiwa G 30 S PKI. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/1535004738747222244-5521974992359905236?l=leksika-leksika.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://leksika-leksika.blogspot.com/feeds/5521974992359905236/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://leksika-leksika.blogspot.com/2008/12/abstrakstrukturalisme-srinthil.html#comment-form' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1535004738747222244/posts/default/5521974992359905236'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1535004738747222244/posts/default/5521974992359905236'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://leksika-leksika.blogspot.com/2008/12/abstrakstrukturalisme-srinthil.html' title='Abstrak_Strukturalisme Srinthil'/><author><name>leksika</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16561735150883024015</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='23' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_sdftwHGT3Uk/SW0-Uv-CT-I/AAAAAAAAAD8/N_A3zsWUws8/S220/image002.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_sdftwHGT3Uk/SUC4fUGtNUI/AAAAAAAAABM/a-4dLHLhI0w/s72-c/images.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1535004738747222244.post-3944621768839493910</id><published>2008-12-10T22:43:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2009-01-14T17:56:02.117-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Abstract'/><title type='text'>Abstrak-Penerjemahan The Prophet</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_sdftwHGT3Uk/SUC3T76ueoI/AAAAAAAAABE/gNMHJOpheJY/s1600-h/inuyasha-kagome.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5278420316407626370" style="FLOAT: right; MARGIN: 0px 0px 10px 10px; WIDTH: 200px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 150px" alt="" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_sdftwHGT3Uk/SUC3T76ueoI/AAAAAAAAABE/gNMHJOpheJY/s200/inuyasha-kagome.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="color:#ffff66;"&gt;&lt;a href="mailto:Semnas_fbsdn@yahoo.com"&gt;Semnas_fbsdn@yahoo.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;PENERJEMAHAN MAJAS PERBANDINGAN&lt;br /&gt;DALAM NOVEL THE PROPHET KARYA KAHLIL GIBRAN&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Khristianto &amp;amp; Sulasih Nurhayati*&lt;br /&gt;UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH&lt;br /&gt;PURWOKERTO&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Karya sastra dalam bentuk apapun memiliki pilihan-pilihan kata yang tegas, yang diambil bukan secara acak, sebaliknya dipilih dengan berbagai pertimbangan. Kata-kata tersebut diungkapkan untuk mewakili setiap sudut dari konsep yang ingin disampaikan pengarang. Kata membawa rasa dan kepekaan pengarang pada satu fenomena yang menjadi konsep khas yang menyentuh nurani pengarang.&lt;br /&gt;Penerjemah karya sastra dalam menjalankan tugasnya harus bisa memahami maksud dari pencipta karya itu yang diungkapkan melalui karyanya. Pemahaman bisa dicapai dengan memanfaatkan sarana untuk menafsirkan maksud tersebut, yang berupa penanda linguistik, stilistik dan tematik. Jadi penerjemah dalam hal ini bukan menerjemahkan maksud pengarang, melainkan menerjemahkan penafsirannya pada maksud pengarang (Nord: 1997).&lt;br /&gt;Karya prosa terjemahan yang akan disoroti dalam kajian ini adalah “Sang Nabi” (SN) yang dilakukan oleh Sri Kustandyah. Novel terjemahan tersebut merupakan hasil terjemahan novel “The Prophet” (TP) karya Kahlil Gibran. Karya ini banyak menggunakan simbol dan idiom dalam mengungkapkan makna yang ingin disampaikan pengarangnya. Hal ini wajar dilakukan oleh pengarang karena perangkat-perangkat semacam itu memang lazim digunakan untuk semaksimal mungkin membawa konsep yang tersimpan dalam pikirannya. Secara khusus, penelitian ini akan menyoroti penerjemahan majas perbandingan yang terdapat dalam novel yang di-Indonesia-kan oleh Sri Kustandiyah (SK). Dari hasil analisa menunjukkan, penerjemah telah berhasil menuangkan ide inti dari majas perbandingan dalam novel, meskipun ada kesilapan dalam menerjemahkan beberapa unsure fungsi yang cukup punya pengaruh dalam makna. Kesilapan ini tidak menjadikan pembaca Indonesia kehilangan gagasan dan keindahan gaya bahasa yang dieksplorasi oleh Gibran. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/1535004738747222244-3944621768839493910?l=leksika-leksika.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://leksika-leksika.blogspot.com/feeds/3944621768839493910/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://leksika-leksika.blogspot.com/2008/12/abstrak-penerjemahan-prophet.html#comment-form' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1535004738747222244/posts/default/3944621768839493910'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1535004738747222244/posts/default/3944621768839493910'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://leksika-leksika.blogspot.com/2008/12/abstrak-penerjemahan-prophet.html' title='Abstrak-Penerjemahan The Prophet'/><author><name>leksika</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16561735150883024015</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='23' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_sdftwHGT3Uk/SW0-Uv-CT-I/AAAAAAAAAD8/N_A3zsWUws8/S220/image002.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_sdftwHGT3Uk/SUC3T76ueoI/AAAAAAAAABE/gNMHJOpheJY/s72-c/inuyasha-kagome.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1535004738747222244.post-4854401257314461186</id><published>2008-12-10T22:36:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2008-12-10T22:41:37.377-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Definisi Kurikulum</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_sdftwHGT3Uk/SUC1vssxLhI/AAAAAAAAAA8/LSqFJo-nqPI/s1600-h/fre.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5278418594335632914" style="FLOAT: left; MARGIN: 0px 10px 10px 0px; WIDTH: 128px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 142px" alt="" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_sdftwHGT3Uk/SUC1vssxLhI/AAAAAAAAAA8/LSqFJo-nqPI/s320/fre.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div&gt;a. Hilda Taba: Kurikulum adalah sebuah rancangan pembelajaran, yang disusun dengan mempertimbangkan berbagai hal mengenai proses pembelajaran serta perkembangan individu&lt;br /&gt;Daniel Tanner &amp;amp; Laurel Tanner : Pengalaman pembelajaran yang terencana dan terarah, yang disusun melalui proses rekonstruksi pengetahuan dan pengalaman yang sistematis di bawah pengawasan lembaga pendidikan agar pembelajar dapat terus memiliki minat untuk belajar sebagai bagian dari kompetensi sosial pribadinya.&lt;br /&gt;Romine : Kurikulum mencakup semua temu permbelajaran, aktivitas dan pengalaman yang diikuti oleh anak didik dengan arahan dari sekolah baik di dalam maupun di luar kelas.&lt;br /&gt;Murray Print. : Kurikum didefinisikan sebagai semua ruang pembelajaran terencana yang diberikan kepada siswa oleh lembaga pendidikan dan pengalaman yang dinikmati oleh siswa saat kurikulum itu terapkan.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;b. Kurikulum adalah suatu rancangan pembelajaran yang ditujukan untuk memberikan kompetensi-kompetensi kepada siswa ajar, yang didalamnya menjelaskan berbagai aktivitas, materi, media serta prosedur yang harus ada dan seharunya dilakukan agar tujuan-tujuan komptensi yang ditargetkan bisa tercapai.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;a. Saylor : Istilah kurikulum dan instruksi pengajaran saling terkait erat satu sama lain seperti nama Romeo yang tidak akan meninggalkan sebutan Juliet. Tanpa kurikulum atau rencana, tidak akan ada pengajaran yang efektif, dan tanpa adanya pengajaran kurikum tidak akan banyak memberikan makna.&lt;br /&gt;Saylor-Oliva: Kurikulum sebagai sesuatu yang diajarkan, sementara instruksi sebagai sarana untuk mengajarkan sesuatu itu. Secara sederhana, kurikulum berarti “apa” yang diajarkan dan pengajaran/instruksi adalah “bagaimana” mengajarakannya. Kita bisa saja menganggap kurikulum sebagai sebuah program, rancangan, sisi, dan pengalaman pembelajaran, sementara instruksi sebagai metode, tindak implementasi pengajaran dan penyajian.&lt;br /&gt;Pengajaran merupakan bentuk implementasi dari rencana-rencana yang termuat dalam kurikulum. Bila salah satunya lemah, pengajaran tidak akan berjalan dengan baik dan efektif.&lt;br /&gt;Perbedaan: kurikulum adalah rancangan dan dilaksanakan sebagai proses sebelum kegiatan pengajaran dimulai. Sementara, instruksi adalah sesuatu yang dilakukan sebagai wujud implementasi dari apa yang dirancang dalam kurikum dan dilakukan saat kegiatan pembelajaran dilaksanakan. Persamaan: keduanya merupakan elemen penting dalam proses pembelajaran, dan memiliki sasaran dan tujuan yang sama untuk menjamin bahwa kegiatan pembelajaran bisa mencapai sasaran yang diinginkan. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/1535004738747222244-4854401257314461186?l=leksika-leksika.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://leksika-leksika.blogspot.com/feeds/4854401257314461186/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://leksika-leksika.blogspot.com/2008/12/definisi-kurikulum.html#comment-form' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1535004738747222244/posts/default/4854401257314461186'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1535004738747222244/posts/default/4854401257314461186'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://leksika-leksika.blogspot.com/2008/12/definisi-kurikulum.html' title='Definisi Kurikulum'/><author><name>leksika</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16561735150883024015</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='23' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_sdftwHGT3Uk/SW0-Uv-CT-I/AAAAAAAAAD8/N_A3zsWUws8/S220/image002.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_sdftwHGT3Uk/SUC1vssxLhI/AAAAAAAAAA8/LSqFJo-nqPI/s72-c/fre.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1535004738747222244.post-9092483779246727435</id><published>2008-12-10T21:40:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2009-01-14T18:01:05.684-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Article'/><title type='text'>Artikel 1_Penerjemahan Al-Qur'an</title><content type='html'>&lt;div&gt;&lt;font size="2"&gt;PERBANDINGAN TEKS TERJEMAHAN AL-QUR’AN&lt;br /&gt;(BAHASA INDONESIA DENGAN BAHASA MELAYU)&lt;br /&gt;Khristianto&lt;br /&gt;Fakultas Sastra&lt;br /&gt;Universitas Muhammadiyah Purwokerto&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Abstrak&lt;br /&gt;Al-Qur’an merupakan sumber rujukan suci bagi komunitas muslim di dunia termasuk mereka yang menggunakan bahasa Indonesia dan bahasa Melayu. Dari penelitian sebelumnya, penterjemahan Al-Qur’an ke Bahasa Indonesia memperlihatkan berbagai kekakuan dalam hal kebahasaan. Padahal kekakuan seperti itu cenderung mengurangi keterbacaan sebuah teks, dengan demikian mengganggu pemahaman pembaca sasaran, yakni pemeluk Agama Islam Indonesia, yang ingin memahami firman Allah tersebut. Kemudian timbul pertanyaan apakah kekuan yang sama juga ditemukan dalam Al-Qur’an versi Melayu sebagai bahasa kerabat Bahasa Indonesia?&lt;br /&gt;Kajian ini bermaksud membedah penterjemahan Al-Qur’an dalam bahasa Melayu, yang akan dibandingkan dengan versi bahasa Indonesia, dengan mengacu pada hasil kajian sebelumnya. Penulis hanya akan berfokus pada redudansi dan ketidaktepatan urutan kata. Apakah terjemahan versi Melayu juga menunjukkan fenomena serupa atau sebaliknya dan apakah ciri bahasa yang tidak natural merupakan hal yang lazim dalam penterjemahan kitab suci. Dengan kata lain, ketidakalamiahan terjemahan itu merupakan bentuk penjagaan nilai-nilai kesucian kalimat-kalimat Tuhan, dan bukan sekedar sebuah khilaf dalam melakukan tugas penterjemahan.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;      Kata Kunci: Penerjemahan, Kekakuan, Otoritatif&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Pendahuluan&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Tujuan utama dari kegiatan penerjemahan adalah untuk menginformasikan pesan yang tersimpan dalam satu bahasa kepada pihak yang tidak memahami bahasa tersebut dengan cara mengalihkan pesan itu kedalam bahasa lain yang dimengerti oleh pihak tersebut. Paling tidak itulah tujuan yang paling umum dari kegiatan penerjemahan. Teks-teks yang mengalami proses penerjemahan tentu saja sangat beragam baik dari segi genre, bidang ilmu, maupun dari sasaran yang diinginkan. Salah satu teks yang cukup signifikan dalam kehidupan masyarakat manusia adalah tek kitab suci. Teks ini biasanya pertama kali tertuang dalam bahasa tertentu. Kitab Taurat tertulis dalam bahasa Ibrani, Injil tertuang dalam bahasa Latin, Kitab Al-Qur’an menyampaikan pesan-pesan ilahiah melalui bahasa Arab, dan Wedha termaktub dalam teks berbahasa Sansekerta. Namun demikian, kitab-kitab tersebut umumnya tidak membatasi sasaran pembacanya hanya pada orang-orang yang memahami bahasa pertama itu. Naskah-naskah kitab biasanya berlaku umum pada semua manusia, karena konsep dan ide-ide religi yang ada memang diperuntukan secara universal kepada manusia.&lt;br /&gt;Ketika kitab-kitab itu menyebar seiring dengan penyebaran faham agama ke berbagai negara, maka dilakukanlah kegiatan penerjemahan kitab suci. Sasaran utamanya adalah agar memahamkan masyarakat pemeluk satu faham agama mengenai ajaran-ajaran yang menyangkut kehidupan beragama. Kitab Al-Qur’an sebagai kitab suci umat Islam pun mengalami proses serupa. Kitab ini diterjemahkan ke berbagai bahasa agar para pemeluknya dapat memahami firman-firman Tuhan yang tertuang dalam bahasa Arab.  Indonesia dan Malasyia merupakan dua negara dengan pemeluk agama Islam yang paling besar di wilayah Asia Tenggara. Kitab Al-Qur’an di kedua wilayah ini juga tersaji bersama dengan teks terjemahan yang berbahasa Indonesia dan bahasa Melayu. &lt;br /&gt;Dari kajian yang dilakukan sebelumnya, penulis mendapatkan adanya bentuk-bentuk kekakuan bahasa dalam teks terjemahan Al-Qur’an ke dalam bahasa Indonesia. Temuan tersebut kemudian mendorong penulis untuk melihat teks terjemahan Al-Qur’an dalam bahasa Melayu, sebagai bahasa yang terdekat familinya dengan bahasa Indonesia. Adapun fokus kajian kali ini diarahkan pada kekuan berupa redudansi dan kejanggalan urutan kata. Analisa akan dilakukan dengan membandingkan dan mengkontraskan. Perbandingan dilakukan dengan memparalelkan kedua versi teks terjemahan, yang kemudian keduanya dikontraskan dengan teks asli sebagai acuan penentuan kategori-kategori penerjemahan yang baik dan benar.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Analisa dan Pembahasan&lt;br /&gt;Hasil analisa menunjukkan bahwa kekakuan-kekakuan yang terbaca dalam teks terjemahan Al-Qur’an versi bahasa Indonesia juga ditemukan dalam bahasa Melayu. Perbandingan dari kedua versi tersebut tersaji dalam Tabel 1. Data yang tersaji tersebut tentu saja tidak bermaksud untuk menjadi representasi dari teks-teks terjemahan Al-Qur’an yang terlampau banyak untuk dibahas secara memadai dalam ruang sempit ini. Namun demikian, data ini dapat menjadi preview mengenai kualitas penerjemahan Al-Qur’an dipandang dari prinsip-prinsip penerjemahan.&lt;br /&gt;a. Redudansi&lt;br /&gt;Redudansi atau pemborosan elemen bahasa merupakan fenomena yang banyak ditemui sebagai faktor yang menjadi kebahasaan teks terjemahan Al-Qur’an tidak begitu luwes. Redudansi ini meliputi elemen-elemen kata ganti, objek tak langsung, klausa, konjungsi, dan kata keterangan. Hal ini ternyata berlaku baik pada bahasa Melayu maupun bahasa Indonesia. Sebagai contohnya, berikut kutipan terjemahan dari dua versi itu, dengan titik tekan pada unsur kalimat objek tidak langsung (dicetak tebal). &lt;br /&gt;Tabel. 1&lt;br /&gt;Komparasi Teks Terjemahan Al-Qur’an&lt;br /&gt;Indonesia-Melayu&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;No&lt;br /&gt;Unsur&lt;br /&gt;Bahasa Indonesia&lt;br /&gt;Bahasa Melayu&lt;br /&gt;REDUDANSI&lt;br /&gt;1&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;  Objek tak langsung&lt;br /&gt;(2:3)….dan (mereka) menafkahkan sebahagian rezki yang Kami anugerahkan kepada mereka,&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(2:102) Dan mereka mempelajari sesuatu yang tidak memberi mudharat kepadanya dan tidak memberi manfaat.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(2:121). Orang-orang yang telah Kami berikan Al Kitab kepadanya, mereka membacanya dengan bacaan yang sebenarnya , mereka itu beriman kepadanya. Dan barangsiapa yang ingkar kepadanya, maka mereka itulah orang-orang yang rugi.&lt;br /&gt;(2:3). Iaitu orang-orang yang beriman kepada perkara-perkara yang ghaib dan mendirikan (mengerjakan) sembahyang serta&lt;br /&gt;membelanjakan (mendermakan) sebahagian dari rezeki yang Kami berikan kepada mereka.&lt;br /&gt;102...Dan mereka mempelajari sesuatu yang memberi mudarat kepadanya dan tidak memberi manfaat.&lt;br /&gt;121. Orang-orang yang telah Kami berikan Al Kitab kepadanya, mereka membacanya dengan bacaan yang sebenarnya, mereka itu&lt;br /&gt;beriman kepadanya. Dan barang siapa yang ingkar kepadanya, maka mereka itulah orang-orang yang rugi.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2&lt;br /&gt;Kata ganti&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2: 27. (Dengan sebab keingkaran mereka), Allah mematerikan atas hati mereka serta pendengaran mereka dan pada penglihatan mereka ada penutupnya dan bagi mereka pula disediakan azab seksa yang amat besar.&lt;br /&gt;2: 29 Mereka hendak  memperdayakan Allah dan orang-orang yang beriman, padahal mereka hanya memperdaya dirinya sendiri,&lt;br /&gt;sedang mereka tidak menyedarinya.&lt;br /&gt;3&lt;br /&gt;Konjungsi&lt;br /&gt;(2:205) Dan apabila ia berpaling, ia berjalan di bumi untuk mengadakan kerusakan padanya, dan merusak tanam-tanaman dan binatang ternak, dan Allah tidak menyukai kebinasaan.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(3:87) Mereka itu, balasannya ialah: bahwasanya la’nat Allah ditimpakan kepada mereka,  la’nat para malaikat dan manusia seluruhnya,&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;205. Dan apabila ia berpaling (dari kamu), ia berjalan di bumi untuk mengadakan kerusakan padanya, dan merusak tanam-tanaman dan binatang ternak, dan Allah tidak menyukai kebinasaan.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;87. Mereka itu balasannya ialah bahawa mereka ditimpa laknat Allah dan malaikatNya serta sekalian orang-orang (yang beriman).&lt;br /&gt;4&lt;br /&gt;Keterangan&lt;br /&gt;(2:25)… bahwa mereka disediakan syurga-syurga yang mengalir sungai-sungai didalamnya. Setiap mereka diberi rezki buah-buahan dalam syurga-syurga...Mereka diberi buah-buahan yang serupa dan untuk mereka didalamnya ada isteri-isteri yang suci dan mereka kekal di dalamnya.&lt;br /&gt;25. Dan berilah khabar gembira kepada orang-orang yang beriman dan beramal soleh, sesungguhnya mereka beroleh Syurga yang mengalir di bawahnya beberapa sungai; tiap-tiap kali mereka diberikan satu pemberian dari sejenis buah-buahan Syurga itu, ... dan mereka diberikan rezeki itu yang sama rupanya (tetapi berlainan hakikatnya) dan disediakan untuk mereka dalam Syurga itu pasangan-pasangan, isteri-isteri yang sentiasa bersih suci, sedang mereka pula kekal di dalamnya selama-lamanya.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;5&lt;br /&gt;klausa&lt;br /&gt;(2:6) …sesungguhnya orang-orang kafir, sama saja bagi mereka, kamu beri peringatan atau tidak kamu beri peringatan, mereka tidak juga akan beriman.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(2:6) Sesungguhnya orang-orang kafir (yang tidak akan beriman), sama sahaja kepada mereka: Samada engkau beri amaran kepadanya atau engkau tidak beri amaran, mereka tidak akan beriman.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;PERISTILAHAN DAN URUTAN KATA&lt;br /&gt;6&lt;br /&gt;Istilah&lt;br /&gt;(3:178) Dan janganlah sekali-kali orang-orang kafir menyangka, bahwa pemberian tangguh Kami kepada mereka  adalah lebih baik bagi mereka. Sesungguhnya Kami memberi tangguh kepada mereka hanyalah supaya bertambah-tambah dosa mereka; dan bagi mereka azab yang menghinakan.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;3:178 178. Dan jangan sekali-kali orang-orang kafir menyangka bahawa Kami membiarkan (mereka hidup lama) itu baik bagi diri mereka; kerana sesungguhnya Kami biarkan mereka hanyalah supaya mereka bertambah dosa (di dunia) dan mereka pula beroleh azab seksa yang menghina (di akhirat kelak).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;7&lt;br /&gt;Urutan Frasa&lt;br /&gt;(2:102) Maka mereka mempelajari dari kedua malaikat itu apa yang dengan sihir itu, mereka dapat menceraikan antara seorang  dengan isterinya.&lt;br /&gt;(2:107) Tiadakah kamu mengetahui bahwa kerajaan langit dan bumi adalah kepunyaan Allah? Dan tiada bagimu selain Allah seorang pelindung maupun seorang penolong.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;102. Maka mereka mempelajari dari kedua malaikat itu apa yang dengan sihir itu, mereka dapat menceraikan antara seorang (suami) dengan istrinya.&lt;br /&gt;107. Tiadakah kamu mengetahui bahwa kerajaan langit dan bumi adalah kepunyaan Allah? Dan  tiada bagimu selain Allah seorang pelindung maupun seorang penolong.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Bahasa Indonesia (BI)&lt;br /&gt;(2:121). Orang-orang yang telah Kami berikan Al Kitab kepadanya, mereka membacanya dengan bacaan yang sebenarnya , mereka itu beriman kepadanya. Dan barangsiapa yang ingkar kepadanya, maka mereka itulah orang-orang yang rugi.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Bahasa Melayu (BM)&lt;br /&gt;2-121. Orang-orang yang telah Kami berikan Al Kitab kepadanya, mereka membacanya dengan bacaan yang sebenarnya, mereka itu beriman kepadanya. Dan barang siapa yang ingkar kepadanya, maka mereka itulah orang-orang yang rugi&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kedua versi terjemahan ini sama, tanpa beda apapun baik dari segi gramatikalnya, pilihan kata ataupun peristilahannya. Hal ini bisa difahami karena Melayu dan Indonesia merupakan dua bahasa yang sangat dekat. Dengan kesamaan tersebut, maka redudansi yang muncul juga sama. Dalam bahasa yang lazim, kata ”kepadanya” sebenarnya cukup disebutkan pada awal, yakni pada klausa pertama. Atau bahkan tidak perlu sama sekali, karena kata kepadanya mengacu pada subyek pasif. Makna itu pada klausa-klausa berikutnya menjadi unsur elips, yang tetap bisa ditangkap oleh pembaca. Dari segi penerjemahan, teks terjemahan ini merupakan bentuk terjemahan harfiah, dengan menuangkan semua unsur gramatikal yang terdapat dalam bahasa Arab, teks Al-Qur’an. &lt;br /&gt;Alladziina Ataena Hum ulKitaba&lt;br /&gt;Orang-orang yang telah Kami berikan Al Kitab kepadanya&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kalimat terjemahan di atas sebenarnya cukup ditulis, dengan ”Orang-orang yang telah Kami berikan Al Kitab.”  Tanpa ada kata ”kepadanya,” makna yang dimaksud sudah jelas, karena subyek pada kalimat pasif seperti sudah menjadi ”obyek tidak langsung” secara semantis. Penerjemahan semacam ini timbul, karena penterjemah terlalu ketat mengikuti tata gramatikal bahasa sumber. Ungkapan ”Alladziina” dalam bahasa Arab berarti ”orang-orang yang,” ”Ataena” bermakna ”Kami berikan,” ”Hum” berarti ”mereka” dan ”ulKitab” yang artinya ”Al-Kitab.” Dari rincian ini, produk terjemahan yang ada merupakan hasil dari proses penerjemahan secara harfiah dengan menampilkan seluruh realitas kebahasaan dari bahasa sumber.  Sebagaimana diungkapkan oleh Suryawinata dan Hariyanto (2003:48) berikut ini.&lt;br /&gt;”Terjemahan yang sangat berpihak pada teks Bsu adalah terjemahan harfiah. Terjemahan jenis ini berusaha untuk mempertahankan bentuk (gaya) dan makna yang ada di dalam teks Bsu di dalam terjemahannya, tanpa memperhitungkan apakah bentuk atau gaya bahasa itu wajar dalam Bsa, apakah pembaca teks Bsa-nya bisa mengerti terjemahan itu dengan mudah atau tidak.”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Tentu, teks terjemahan  di atas tidak sampai menyulitkan pembaca dalam memahami teks, tetapi lebih pada ”ketidakwajaran” teks itu bagi persepsi pembaca Indonesia. Hal ini pun berlaku bagi bagian lain dari penerjemahan ayat yang sama, yakni perulangan kata ”kepadanya” hanyalah manifestasi dari keberadaan kata ”bihi” dalam teks asli yang secara harfiah memang selalu melekat pada akhir klausa dalam ayat di atas.&lt;br /&gt;Hal yang serupa juga berlaku pada redudansi pada elemen kata ganti pada data dalam Tabel 1. Teks terjemahan Ayat (2:27) memperlihatkan adanya kata ganti milik yang terus disebut-sebut bersama properti yang dimiliki: ”Allah mematerikan atas hati mereka, serta pendengaran mereka, dan pada penglihatan mereka ada penutupnya.” Dalam ujaran bahasa Indonesia yang lazim, kata ganti milik ini diucapkan atau dituliskan setelah rangkaian benda yang dimiliki itu disebutkan. Jadi, akan berbunyi seperti berikut: ”Allah mematerikan hati serta pendengaran mereka, dan penglihatan mereka ditutup.” Teks terjemahan semacam ini juga timbul karena faktor keharfiahan metode yang diterapkan. Begitu juga dengan pada terjemahan ayat (2:29), dengan redudansi kata ganti subyek, ”mereka” yang berulang hingga tiga kali, dengan mengulang subyek yang sama pada tiga klausa aktif yang memiliki subyek serupa. Semestinya kalimat yang lazim akan mengelips subyek pada klausa kedua dan ketiga, karena maknanya sudah terwakili dari klausa pertama.&lt;br /&gt;Penerjemahan pada ayat (2:205) juga memperlihatkan kesamaan. Kali ini yang menjadi korban adalah konjungsi ”dan” yang dimunculkan empat kali. Fungsi ”dan” pada teks itu adalah untuk menyebutkan perincian, yang biasanya dalam teks bahasa Indonesia hanya diwujudkan dengan tanda koma; kata ”dan” muncul sekali sebelum rincian terakhir disebutkan. Bila kita tengok pada teks asli, kita akan mendapati kata ”wa” memang selalu mengawali klausa-klausa dalam kalimat panjang pada ayat ini.  &lt;br /&gt; Penterjemahan yang terlalu kaku mengikut bentuk kebahasaan teks sumber juga tampak jelas pada pemunculan konjungsi bahwa pada teks terjemahan ayat (3:87). Hal ini berlaku pada kedua versi, yang memang sama persis, kecuali perbedaan bentuk ”bahwasanya” dan ”bahawa.” Kata itu merupakan terjemahan dari kata ”Anna.”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ulaaika Jazaauhum Anna Alaihim Laknatullah&lt;br /&gt;Mereka itu balasannya ialah bahwasanya la’nat Allah ditimpakan kepada mereka (BI)&lt;br /&gt;Mereka itu balasannya ialah bahawa mereka ditimpa laknat Allah (BM)&lt;br /&gt;Kata ”bahwasanya” muncul sebagai pengganti kata ”anna” dalam bahasa Arab, teks sumber. Padahal secara normal dengan adanya kata ”ialah” sudah cukup mewakili makna yang ingin disampaikan. Begitu juga dengan subyek kalimat yang berputar-putar antara kata ganti subyek, yang diaposisikan dengan kata ganti milik. Mestinya bisa disederhanakan dan lebih jelas dengan langsung menyebut kata ganti milik, ”Balasan mereka.”&lt;br /&gt;Bila kita telusuri lebih lanjut pada versi bahasa Indonesia, ada redudansi kata benda milik dari beberapa subyek yang berbeda, ”laknat.” Maksudnya, kata ini cukup disebutkan sekali di awal, kemudian diikuti dengan subyek pemilik. Bila kita kontraskan dengan teks asli, cara ini sangat berlawanan dengan fakta sebelumnya. Teks asli hanya menyebutkan kata ”laknat” hanya sekali saja sebelum subyek  ”Allah.”&lt;br /&gt;Laknatallahi Walmalaaikati Wannasi Ajmaiin&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Teks di atas dengan demikian diterjemahkan tidak secara harfiah, karena teks asli hanya menyebutkan satu kata ”laknat”. Tetapi teks terjemahan menyebut kata itu tiga kali. Dalam hal ini, versi Melayu bisa dikatakan lebih konsisten dalam menerapkan keharfiahan terjemahannya. Nilai lebih dari versi Melayu pada teks terjemahan ayat ini juga tampak dari susunan kalimat pasifnya.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;La’nat Allah ditimpakkan kepada mereka (BI)&lt;br /&gt;Mereka ditimpa laknat Allah (BM)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Versi bahasa Melayu tampak lebih simpel dan lebih mudah dipahami, karena versi bahasa Indonesia terasa berputar-putar dan memunculkan banyak redudansi unsur –unsur yang mestinya tidak perlu hadir. Dengan demikian, akan lebih luwes, bila ayat (3:87) diartikan dengan, ”Balasan mereka adalah   mereka ditimpa laknat Allah, para malaikat dan manusia seluruhnya.”&lt;br /&gt;Redudansi klausa pada teks terjemahan ayat (2:6) yang menunjukkan dua klausa sejajar dengan makna serupa.&lt;br /&gt;A’andzartahum Amlam Tundzirhum&lt;br /&gt;...kamu beri peringatan atau tidak kamu beri peringatan...(BI)&lt;br /&gt;...engkau beri amaran kepadanya atau engkau tidak beri amaran... (BM)&lt;br /&gt;Dua klausa dalam teks terjemahan memang merupakan representasi dari dua klausa yang juga terdapat dalam teks sumber. Lagi-lagi keharfiahan adalah alasan di balik kemunculan teks yang redudans ini. Walaupun versi bahasa Indonesia kali ini juga akan menyimpang dari keharfiahan, karena kata ”kepadanya” tidak muncul. Teks asli menyebutkan morfem atau kata ”hum” yang bermakna ”mereka.” Secara kaidah penerjemahan yang baik, makna ”mereka” sudah terimplikasi dari subyek pada klausa sebelumnya, sebagaimmana tampak pada kutipan berikut.&lt;br /&gt;…sesungguhnya orang-orang kafir, sama saja bagi mereka, kamu beri peringatan atau tidak kamu beri peringatan, mereka tidak juga akan beriman (BI)&lt;br /&gt;(2:6) Sesungguhnya orang-orang kafir (yang tidak akan beriman), sama sahaja kepada mereka: Samada engkau beri amaran kepadanya atau engkau tidak beri amaran, mereka tidak akan beriman (BM)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dengan demikian terjemahan yang lebih tepat untuk dua klausa sejajara di atas adalah ”kamu beri peringatan atau tidak”—sebuah bentuk kalimat yang lebih berterima bagi pembaca Indonesia dan Melayu sebagai sasaran dari teks terjemahan ini.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;b. Peristilahan dan Urutan Kata&lt;br /&gt;Teks terjemahan untuk ayat (3:178) memperlihatkan banyak perbedaan pada dua versi ini. Secara umum, tidak ada masalah yang berarti dalam teks terjemahan versi Melayu. Hal ini berlawanan dengan versi bahasa Indonesia yang menunjukkan adanya problema peristilahan, yang bermuara pada satu inti, yakni penggunaan kata “tangguh” sebagai bentuk benda. Padahal, kata tangguh lebih akrab bagi pembaca Indonesia sebagai kata sifat yang bermakna “tidak mudah menyerah.” Versi Melayu menterjemahkan frasa ”Numli lahum” dengan ”Kami membiarkan mereka” yang terasa lebih mudah dicerna dan dipahami.&lt;br /&gt;Annama Numli Lahum&lt;br /&gt;...bahwa pemberian tangguh kami kepada mereka..(BI).&lt;br /&gt;Bahawa kami membiarkan (mereka hidup lama) (BM)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Versi Melayu menambahkan anotasi dalam kurung sebagai keterangan ungkapan ”membiarkan.” Sementara versi Indonesia menggunakan ungkapan yang salah secara leksikal dan juga lebih sulit dipahami bagi pembaca Indonesia secara umum—paling tidak dari pengalaman penulis sebagai konsumen teks tersebut. Hal serupa juga terjadi pada bagian ayat lain dengan redaksi yang sama persis, dan diartikan dengan serupa pula. Kata ”tangguh” sebenarnya bisa digunakan dengan baik, bila penterjemah melakukan nominalisasi pada kata itu menjadi ”penangguhan”. Hal lain yang menimbulkan hilangnya keluwesan dalam teks terjemahan versi Indonesia adalah urutan kata yang tidak lazim layaknya teks bahasa Indonesia pada umumnya, yang menjadikan klausa itu harus bolak-balik: ”pemberian tangguh kami kepada mereka,” yang sebenarnya bisa disimplifikasi menjadi ”penangguhan (siksa/kematian) kami atas mereka,” dengan anotasi yang berfungsi untuk menegaskan maksud dari makna kata ”penangguhan”.&lt;br /&gt;Persoalan peristilahan serupa juga terlihat dari teks terjemahan ayat (2:102). Untuk kasus ini, kedua versi memiliki kesamaan dalam menuangkan makna kata per kata dari teks asli, yang akhirnya menimbulkan kesulitan. Sejalan dengan apa yang disampaikan oleh Suryawinata dan Hariyanto (2003) di atas, terjemahan harfiah ini jelas menunjukkan tidak adanya perhatian pada pentingnya pemahaman pembaca atas teks. Penterjemah hanya terfokus perhatiannya pada bagaimana menuangkan tiap kata dalam teks sumber ke dalam teks sasaran. Cara ini jelas tidak bisa dibenarkan seperti disampaikan oleh Mulyanah (2007:189) bahwa ”penerjemahan dapat dikatakan sebagai sebuah proses mencari perbedaan bahasa untuk mencari persamaan pesan.”  Artinya bukan kesamaan unsur kebahasaan yang dipentingkan, melainkan kesamaan pesan.&lt;br /&gt;Fayata’allamuna minhuma ma Yufarriquuna bihi bainal Mar’i Wazaujih&lt;br /&gt;Maka mereka mempelajari dari kedua malaikat itu apa yang dengan sihir itu, mereka dapat menceraikan antara seorang  dengan isterinya (BI)&lt;br /&gt;Maka mereka mempelajari dari kedua malaikat itu apa yang dengan sihir itu, mereka dapat menceraikan antara seorang (suami) dengan istrinya. (BM)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Teks bergaris tebal merupakan terjemahan dari ungkapan ”Ma Yufarriquuna Bihi” yang secara harfiah ”apa yang dengan sihir itu mereka bisa menceraikan.”  Dari segi semantis, maksud dari ungkapan ini tidak lain adalah ”sihir yang dapat menceraikan.” Tetapi, penterjemah mengadopsi kata-kata perkata teks asli, sehingga makna yang diinginkan menjadi kabur.&lt;br /&gt;Urutan kata lain dalam teks terjemahan yang menunjukkan kekakuan adalah terjemahan ayat (2:107). Kali ini, kedua versi pun menunjukkan kesamaan. Untuk menemukan sebabnya, kita perlu membandingkan kedua teks dengan teks sumbernya.&lt;br /&gt;Wamaa lakum Mindunillahi Miw Waliyi Walaa Nastiir&lt;br /&gt;Dan tiada bagimu selain Allah seorang pelindung maupun seorang penolong (BI)&lt;br /&gt;Dan  tiada bagimu selain Allah seorang pelindung maupun seorang penolong (BM)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Berdasarkan pampangan di atas, terlihat bahwa susunan urutan kata memang disesuikan dengan teks ayat sebagai teks sumber. Kata ”lakum” yang artinya ”bagimu” diikuti oleh ”mindunillahi” yang berarti ”selain Allah.” Tentu akan lebih luwes bila kata ”selain Allah” ditempatkan di akhir kalimat, menurut kelaziman bahasa Indonesia. Jadi, keharfiahan ada di balik kemunculan ekspresi yang kaku dan lebih sulit dipahami bagi pembaca.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Pembahasan&lt;br /&gt;Penerjemahan tidak lain adalah proses komunikasi dengan pesan sebagai komoditas yang dipertukarkan. Pesan dalam penerjemahan adalah makna yang tersimpan dalam kemasan bahasa tertentu, dan harus dikemas ulang dalam bahasa lain yang bisa dipahami oleh pengguna bahasa lain itu sebagai sasaran. Dalam konteks penerjemahan Al-Qur’an, sasaran pembacanya adalah semua umat manusia yang ingin mempelajari pokok-pokok ajaran Islam. Teks Al-Qu’an, menurut Suryawinata dan Hariyanto (2003:51) adalah wacana otoritatif. Karena itu, ”penerjemahan Al-Qur’an harus dengan ancangan semantis, formal, tertulis.” Pendapat ini sejalan dengan pemikiran Newmark yang mereka kutip bahwa ”terjemahan semantis biasa digunakan untuk teks-teks otoritatif, atau teks ekspresif, yakni teks-teks yang isi dan gayanya, gagasan dan kata-kata serta strukturnya sama-sama penting.”&lt;br /&gt;Menilik dari pendapat di atas, secara prosedur penterjemahan Al-Qur’an di atas sudah melanggar kaidah penerjemahan yang semestinya, karena tehnik atau metode yang digunakan adalah penerjemahan harfiah. Susunan teks terjemahan yang mengabaikan makna dan pentingnya pemahaman pembaca akan teks sasaran bahkan hampir serupa dengan metode word-for-word translation yang disampaikan Hoed (2008:4), ”yang dilakukan dengan cara menerjemahkan kata demi kata dan membiarkan susunan kalimat seperti dalam TSu.”  Fakta ini tampak dari salah satu ungakapan ”apa yang dengan sihir itu...” (2:102) yang setelah diurutkan merupakan bentuk terjemahan kata per kata dari teks asli. Begitu juga dengan kasus-kasus redudansi yang muncul sebagai akibat, keberpihakan penterjemah yang berlebihan terhadap teks sumber.&lt;br /&gt;Kekakuan-kekakuan yang ditemukan dalam analisa di atas menunjukkan bahwa penerjemahan ini mengabaikan tataran keempat dari prosedur penerjemahan Newmark, yakni the level of naturalness , atau tataran kewajaran. Tataran ini bertumpu pada pertimbangan yang dilakukan seorang penterjemah, ketika sudah hampir menyelesaikan pekerjaannya: ”apakah teks terjemahan itu jelas dan berterima bagi calon pembacanya?” (Hoed, 2008:6)&lt;br /&gt;Sifat otoritatif dari teks Al-Qur’an, sebagai kitab suci, tampaknya merupakan dinding kokoh yang menyebabkan penterjemah enggan untuk melepaskan diri dari teks sumber. Penterjemah memiliki ketakutan tertentu bahwa ketika mereka hanya berpegang pada makna yang sudah mereka pahami, dan meninggalkan teks sebagai kemasan, mereka akan mengubah firman-firman Tuhan yang suci. Asumsi baru kemudian muncul apakah kesucian/kesakralan sebuah kitab musti diwujudkan dalam bentuk wacana-wacana yang kaku dan ekspresi kebahasaan yang aneh dan tidak umum?&lt;br /&gt;Ketakutan semacam inilah yang tampaknya menjadi kekhawatiran Newmark (1987:129):&lt;br /&gt;”The translator mus not use a word or phrase that sounds intuitively unnatural or artificial to him. If a translator accepts a suggested rendering because of the authority behind it, rather than because he feels it intuitively right for him, this rendering is likely to clash with the rest of his version—it will not cohere.”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Apa yang ditempuh oleh penterjemah teks Al-Qur’an tampaknya berlawanan dengan apa yang dianjurkan oleh Newmark di atas. Kekakuan-kekakuan yang timbul dalam teks yang menjadi obyek kajian ini bisa dikatakan sebagai  sesuatu yang timbul karena penterjemah memilih dan menyusun kata-kata berdasarkan posisi otoritas keagamaan atau bahkan ketuhanan. Dan akibatnya tampak dari ketidaknaturalan serta sesuatu yang secara intuisi memang tidak bisa berterima bagi penterjemah maupun pembaca.&lt;br /&gt;Suryawinata dan Hariyanto (2003:53) menanggapi tingkat otorisasi sebuah kitab suci masih memberikan ruang negosiasi yang bisa dilakukan oleh penterjemah, ketika berhadapan dengan teks otoritatif yang sulit untuk dipertahankan bentuk serta struktur aslinya. Mereka mengatakan bahwa ”...penerjemah bisa memberi sedikit konsesi bagi pembaca BSA dengan sekedar mengubah makna yang bersifat tidak begitu penting untuk membantu pemahaman pembaca.” Artinya, pemahaman pembaca merupakan sesuatu yang sangat diprioritas dalam teks apapun, sehingga penterjemah bisa melakukan modifikasi demi tersampaikannya makna yang dimaksudkan dalam teks asli. Meskipun, dengan itu, bentuk kebahasaan dari teks suci tersebut agar berbeda dengan aslinya. Bahkan mereka menyebutkan dengan ”mengubah makna” bukan sekedar bentuk kebahasaan.&lt;br /&gt;Rekomendasi-rekomendasi yang diajukan sebagai alternatif revisi dalam kajian ini hanya berkutat pada modifikasi unsur kebahasaan, tidak sampai pada pengubahan makna. Hal ini tentu saja lebih aman dari ancaman menyalahi teks yang memiliki otoritas paling tinggi. Revisi-revisi itu perlu dilakukan karena struktur kalimat yang tidak alamiah dan peristilahan yang kadang membingungkan, yang karena itu sangat mungkin pembaca tidak memahami maksud kalimat dalam teks. Sebagaimana diungkapkan oleh Saksono (2008:104) bahwa pembaca bisa saja tidak memahami teks terjemahan apabila (1) teks mengungkapkan kata yang tidak umum, (2) bangun kalimat yang tidak lazim. Ia melanjutkan bahwa hal ini terjadi karena penerjemah hanya terpaku pada struktur dan bangun kalimat Bsu. Untuk itu, ia menyarakan bahwa penerjemah harus memiliki ”penguasaan yang baik terhadap struktur Bsa, makna kata, frasa dan kalimat” agar bisa menghasilkan ”teks terjemahan yang mudah dipahami” (Saksono, 2008:105).&lt;br /&gt;Penerjemahan sudah pasti harus menghasilan makna yang sepadan. Adapun indikator dari kesepadanan menurut Fastriani (2007:75) yang mengadaptasi pemikiran Lederer soal teks sastra adalah (1) dapat menyampaikan informasi berdasarkan keoriginalitasnya dan realitas linguistik (denotatif), (2) harus menghormati kekhasan gaya bahasa dan ekspresi-ekspresi konotatif sesuai dengan jenis teksnya, (3) mengadaptasi pengetahuan-pengetahuan pembaca supaya mengetahuinya (pragmatik), dan (4) menghasilkan efek estetik. Kriteria ini sebagian mungkin bisa diperlakukan kepada teks otoritatif seperti kitab suci. Dan, tampak sekali penterjemah sebenarnya sangat ingin menyajikan teks terjemahan yang memenuhi kriteria ini. Walaupun, tampaknnya kriteria ”menyampaikan informasi” agak terkaburkan oleh bahasa-bahasa yang tidak alamiah, demi mengejar tiga kriteria yang lain.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Penutup&lt;br /&gt;Penerjemahan Al-Qur’an menampakkan sebagian bentuk kebahasaan yang terasa kaku dan sulit dipahami. Faktornya adalah implementasi metode harfiah dalam penterjemahan teks, yang tampaknya merupakan efek lanjut dari otorisasi teks sumber yang begitu tinggi. Kenyataan ini kemudian menimbulkan keengganan atau ketakutan penterjemah untuk hanya berpegang pada makna, bukan pada unit-unit bahasa yang menyusun makna itu. Menilik dari berbagai pendapat, sudah semestinya teks terjemahan Al-Qur’an dalam dua versi bahasa Indonesia dan Melayu perlu ditinjau kembali, untuk menghasilkan sebuah wacana yang lebih mudah dicerna oleh pembaca sasaran, yang sebagian besar mengandalkan terjemahan itu sebagai media pemahaman akan firman-firman Tuhan.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Daftar Acuan&lt;br /&gt;Suryawinata, Zuchridin dan Hariyanto, Sugeng. 2003. Translation: Kajian Teori dan Petunjuk Praktis. Yogyakarta: Kanisius.&lt;br /&gt;Fastriani, Siti Hariti. 2007. Transformasi Gaya Bahasa dalam Karya Sastra Terjemahan. Jurnal Humaniora: vol.19, no.1 Februari 2007. Yogyakarta: Fakultas Ilmu Budaya , UGM.&lt;br /&gt;Mulyanah, Ade. 2007. Terjemahan Verba “Have” dalam Konteks Kalimat. Roncean (Muh. Abdul Khak dkk penyunting). Bandung: Balai Bahasa Bandung.&lt;br /&gt;Newmark, Peter. 1987. Approaches to Translation. Oxfor: Pegamon Press.&lt;br /&gt;Saksono, Lutfi. 2008. Keterbacaan Teks Sastra Terjemahan di Indonesia (Makalah). Seminar Nasional Penerjemahan Karya Sastra dan Subtitling, Terjemahan dalam berbagai Wajah: Novel, Komik dan Film. Semarang: Fakultas Bahasa dan Sastra, Universitas Dian Nuswantoro.&lt;br /&gt;Hoed, Benny H. 2008. Teori dan Praktik Penerjemahan (Makalah). Seminar Nasional Penerjemahan Karya Sastra dan Subtitling, Terjemahan dalam berbagai Wajah: Novel, Komik dan Film. Semarang: Fakultas Bahasa dan Sastra, Universitas Dian Nuswantoro.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;/font&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/1535004738747222244-9092483779246727435?l=leksika-leksika.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://leksika-leksika.blogspot.com/feeds/9092483779246727435/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://leksika-leksika.blogspot.com/2008/12/artikel-1penerjemahan-al-quran.html#comment-form' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1535004738747222244/posts/default/9092483779246727435'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1535004738747222244/posts/default/9092483779246727435'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://leksika-leksika.blogspot.com/2008/12/artikel-1penerjemahan-al-quran.html' title='Artikel 1_Penerjemahan Al-Qur&apos;an'/><author><name>leksika</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16561735150883024015</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='23' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_sdftwHGT3Uk/SW0-Uv-CT-I/AAAAAAAAAD8/N_A3zsWUws8/S220/image002.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1535004738747222244.post-562794521032610861</id><published>2008-12-09T01:36:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2009-01-14T17:56:47.910-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Story'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Article'/><title type='text'>Story 1: someone meant to be</title><content type='html'>Husband...is there anyone out there?? Or sometimes I say it silently “someone meant to be…” Since my brain escaped from the ghosts of logics bundled in the piles of books to be a pride for the professors as SCIENCE, it is, then, always haunted by the questions about someone to be in my lifetime.&lt;br /&gt;The academic carreer I take is quite successful, at least in my parent’s view. They always tell about me in such a pride—rather boasting even—that I was so smart. The proudful words still flow to give a good model for the kids around the neighborhood, or for the young in our extended family. The pride goes up to its peak, as my granny starts her fairy tale of the family.&lt;br /&gt;Another confession is from almost a half of my classmates who frequently should compete each other to take my name as one of the group members to submit a term paper. I just smiled and nodded to the first giving me a code. It’s like the quick and the dead. The quick will be free, and the other should work hard and worry about the result. Yup! It is actually just a mental disorder maintained by our people in general. The inferiority and the fear of hard work.&lt;br /&gt;The code was usually sent with so pity look to ensure that they can go easily and gain the best.  These evidences have convinced sufficiently to say who I am. It is a really beautiful memory to go with.To answer their hope, I usually spent my two days alone with the books. Some I just scanned and quoted in private chamber in the library. At least, three hours in two days, I took notes of the theory and the statements of the authors in their books. Other I previewed as a notebook was ready to record the combination of other’s opinion and my own private interpretation and factual samples and experiences. And Done! I made a copy of my draft and reported to the finishing commission after I explained in detail about what I wanted to say in the paper.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/1535004738747222244-562794521032610861?l=leksika-leksika.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://leksika-leksika.blogspot.com/feeds/562794521032610861/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://leksika-leksika.blogspot.com/2008/12/story-1-someone-meant-to-be.html#comment-form' title='1 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1535004738747222244/posts/default/562794521032610861'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1535004738747222244/posts/default/562794521032610861'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://leksika-leksika.blogspot.com/2008/12/story-1-someone-meant-to-be.html' title='Story 1: someone meant to be'/><author><name>leksika</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16561735150883024015</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='23' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_sdftwHGT3Uk/SW0-Uv-CT-I/AAAAAAAAAD8/N_A3zsWUws8/S220/image002.jpg'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1535004738747222244.post-1116810598662331194</id><published>2008-12-09T01:18:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2008-12-09T01:21:43.906-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Welcome!</title><content type='html'>Welcome here,&lt;br /&gt;This private lane is to share the views on many fields I know little. I do hope this can be a slight significance in the course of the universe in which I am just a microne....&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/1535004738747222244-1116810598662331194?l=leksika-leksika.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://leksika-leksika.blogspot.com/feeds/1116810598662331194/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://leksika-leksika.blogspot.com/2008/12/welcome.html#comment-form' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1535004738747222244/posts/default/1116810598662331194'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1535004738747222244/posts/default/1116810598662331194'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://leksika-leksika.blogspot.com/2008/12/welcome.html' title='Welcome!'/><author><name>leksika</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16561735150883024015</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='23' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_sdftwHGT3Uk/SW0-Uv-CT-I/AAAAAAAAAD8/N_A3zsWUws8/S220/image002.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry></feed>
